#1
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the validity of health studies?
Selection bias
Randomization
Confounding variables
Researcher's gender
#2
Which of the following is NOT a type of bias commonly encountered in health studies?
Publication bias
Performance bias
Recall bias
Detection bias
#3
Which of the following is NOT a component of the acronym PICO, commonly used in formulating clinical research questions?
Population
Influence
Comparison
Outcome
#4
Which of the following is an example of a primary data source in health research?
Medical records
Systematic reviews
Meta-analyses
Textbooks
#5
What is the purpose of blinding in a research study?
To conceal information from participants
To ensure participants are aware of the study's purpose
To prevent researchers from knowing which participants belong to each group
To encourage participants to guess the study's outcomes
#6
Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable?
Age
Gender
Smoking status in a study about lung cancer
Education level
#7
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where participants' behavior changes because they know they are being studied?
Observer bias
Hawthorne effect
Sampling bias
Placebo effect
#8
In a cohort study, what is the key characteristic of the study population?
They all have the same disease
They all have the same exposure
They are followed over time
They receive different treatments
#9
What is the term used to describe the consistency and reproducibility of study results?
Validity
Reliability
Sensitivity
Specificity
#10
Which of the following is an example of an external factor that can affect the validity of a study?
Sampling technique
Blinding procedure
Statistical analysis
Geographic location
#11
What type of validity refers to the extent to which study results can be generalized to other populations?
Internal validity
External validity
Construct validity
Face validity
#12
In a clinical trial, what is the purpose of a control group?
To receive a placebo treatment
To compare the effects of the treatment to no treatment
To ensure the treatment group receives the same treatment
To provide support and encouragement to participants
#13
What is the term used to describe the extent to which study findings can be generalized to other populations or settings?
Validity
Reliability
Generalizability
Consistency
#14
Which of the following is a potential source of measurement bias in health studies?
Use of validated measurement tools
Consistent administration of measures
Misclassification of study participants
High response rates
#15
What type of bias occurs when participants who are lost to follow-up differ systematically from those who remain in the study?
Selection bias
Attrition bias
Information bias
Observer bias
#16
Which of the following study designs is best suited for establishing causality?
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Randomized controlled trial
Cohort study
#17
What type of validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately measures the specific concept it claims to measure?
Internal validity
External validity
Construct validity
Content validity
#18
Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of a sensitivity analysis in health research?
To assess the robustness of study findings to different assumptions or analytical choices
To determine the power of a study to detect a true effect
To evaluate the validity of the study's outcome measures
To identify and control for potential confounding variables