#1
Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of ensuring that participants are fully informed about the nature and purpose of the research?
Beneficence
Confidentiality
Informed consent
Debriefing
#2
What does the 'do no harm' principle in research ethics refer to?
Ensuring participants are compensated for their time
Avoiding physical or psychological harm to participants
Guaranteeing complete anonymity of participants
Ensuring equal representation of participants
#3
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in psychological research?
To conduct experiments and collect data
To review research proposals and ensure ethical standards are met
To analyze research findings and publish results
To recruit participants for studies
#4
What is the term for the tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses while ignoring or dismissing contradictory evidence?
Observer bias
Confirmation bias
Selection bias
Sampling bias
#5
Which of the following is NOT considered a form of psychological research misconduct?
Falsification of data
Plagiarism
Proper citation of sources
Fabrication of results
#6
Which of the following is NOT a potential risk to participants in psychological research?
Physical harm
Emotional distress
Informed consent
Loss of confidentiality
#7
What is the term for the process of explaining the true nature and purpose of a study after it is over, especially if deception was used?
Confidentiality
Informed consent
Debriefing
Beneficence
#8
Which of the following is NOT a key component of informed consent?
Full disclosure of the purpose of the study
Assurance of complete confidentiality
Explanation of potential risks and benefits
Voluntary participation without coercion
#9
What term refers to the process of accurately reporting the data collected without omitting or manipulating information to fit desired outcomes?
Transparency
Integrity
Reliability
Validity
#10
In psychological research, what is the term for the phenomenon where participants act differently because they know they are being observed?
Observer bias
Social desirability bias
Hawthorne effect
Confirmation bias
#11
Which ethical guideline emphasizes the need for researchers to minimize the risk of harm to participants and maximize possible benefits?
Confidentiality
Informed consent
Deception
Beneficence
#12
Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of debriefing in psychological research?
It involves providing false information to participants to test their reactions.
It occurs before the study begins and involves obtaining informed consent.
It is the process of discussing the true nature and purpose of the study after its completion.
It refers to the removal of identifying information from research data.
#13
What term refers to the degree to which results obtained in a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other factors?
Validity
Reliability
Dependent variable
Internal validity