#1
Which of the following is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
Regular physical activity
Family history of diabetes
Low body mass index (BMI)
High-fiber diet
#2
What hormone is deficient or ineffective in individuals with type 1 diabetes?
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Thyroxine
#3
What is the main function of insulin in the body?
To increase blood glucose levels
To stimulate glycogen breakdown
To facilitate glucose uptake by cells
To inhibit gluconeogenesis
#4
Which of the following is a long-acting insulin analog?
Insulin lispro
Regular insulin
NPH insulin
Insulin glargine
#5
Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetic neuropathy?
Polydipsia
Blurred vision
Peripheral numbness
Hypoglycemia
#6
What is the primary source of energy for cells in the body?
#7
What is the physiological role of glucagon in the body?
To stimulate glycogen synthesis
To promote glucose uptake by cells
To inhibit gluconeogenesis
To increase blood glucose levels
#8
Which of the following conditions is characterized by high blood sugar levels during pregnancy?
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Prediabetes
#9
What is the role of the pancreas in diabetes?
To produce insulin
To store glycogen
To regulate blood pressure
To produce cortisol
#10
Which of the following is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Tremors
Hyperglycemia
#11
Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity?
Metformin
Insulin lispro
Glipizide
Liraglutide
#12
What is the recommended HbA1c target for most adults with diabetes according to ADA guidelines?
Less than 5%
Between 5-6%
Between 6-7%
Between 7-8%
#13
What is the most common acute complication of insulin therapy?
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Ketoacidosis
Hypokalemia
#14
Which of the following statements about gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is true?
It only occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy
It is associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes later in life
It usually resolves after pregnancy, but increases the risk of type 2 diabetes
It does not require monitoring of blood glucose levels
#15
Which of the following diabetic complications is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina?
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic foot ulcers
#16
What is the purpose of carbohydrate counting in diabetes management?
To limit overall food intake
To match insulin dose with carbohydrate intake
To increase insulin sensitivity
To reduce insulin secretion
#17
Which of the following is a rapid-acting insulin analog?
Insulin detemir
Insulin glulisine
Insulin degludec
Regular insulin
#18
What is the primary goal of diabetes management?
To eliminate insulin therapy
To cure the disease completely
To achieve normal blood glucose levels
To reverse insulin resistance
#19
What is the primary determinant of insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes?
Body weight
Age
Blood pressure
Blood glucose levels
#20
Which of the following factors can contribute to insulin resistance?
Regular exercise
Low carbohydrate diet
Obesity
Stress reduction
#21
What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in treating diabetes?
Decreasing insulin resistance
Stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
Inhibiting glucose absorption in the intestines
Increasing glucagon secretion
#22
What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes management?
Stimulating insulin secretion
Inhibiting gluconeogenesis
Increasing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys
Blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidneys
#23
Which hormone opposes the action of insulin, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
Thyroxine
Cortisol
Aldosterone
#24
Which of the following complications of diabetes is related to damage to the nerves that control digestion?
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic foot ulcers
#25
What is the term for the sudden onset of severely elevated blood sugar levels in type 1 diabetes?
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Ketoacidosis
Somogyi effect
Dawn phenomenon