#1
What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP) in adults?
60-80 mmHg
ExplanationThe normal range for mean arterial pressure in adults is 60-80 mmHg, representing adequate perfusion pressure.
#2
Which parameter is commonly used to assess the systolic function of the heart?
Ejection fraction
ExplanationEjection fraction is a key parameter measuring the percentage of blood ejected from the heart during systole.
#3
Which imaging modality is commonly used to assess cardiac structure and function?
Ultrasound (echocardiography)
ExplanationUltrasound or echocardiography is frequently used for non-invasive assessment of cardiac structure and function.
#4
Which cardiac enzyme is commonly measured to assess myocardial infarction?
Troponin
ExplanationTroponin is a cardiac enzyme commonly measured to evaluate myocardial infarction or heart muscle damage.
#5
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
ExplanationHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is not a risk factor but is considered beneficial for cardiovascular health.
#6
During cardiac auscultation, the 'S1' heart sound is associated with which event?
Closure of the mitral valve
ExplanationThe 'S1' heart sound is associated with the closure of the mitral valve during the beginning of systole.
#7
Which medication class is commonly used for reducing blood pressure by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
ExplanationACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
#8
In the context of cardiovascular assessment, what does the term 'preload' refer to?
Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
ExplanationPreload refers to the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, influencing cardiac performance.
#9
What is the primary function of the Frank-Starling mechanism in the cardiovascular system?
Adjustment of cardiac output based on venous return
ExplanationThe Frank-Starling mechanism adjusts cardiac output based on venous return, optimizing heart performance.
#10
What is the primary purpose of the 6-minute walk test in assessing cardiovascular function?
Estimate functional exercise capacity
ExplanationThe 6-minute walk test is used to estimate functional exercise capacity in assessing cardiovascular function.
#11
In the context of cardiovascular assessment, what does the term 'afterload' refer to?
Pressure in the aorta during systole
ExplanationAfterload refers to the pressure in the aorta during systole, influencing cardiac workload.
#12
What is the primary role of natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular physiology?
Vasodilation and natriuresis
ExplanationNatriuretic peptides play a key role in vasodilation and natriuresis, regulating fluid balance.
#13
Which of the following is a potential complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) involving the ventricular septum?
Ventricular septal rupture
ExplanationVentricular septal rupture is a potential complication of AMI involving the ventricular septum.