#1
At what age do infants typically begin to babble?
3-4 months
6-8 months
10-12 months
14-16 months
#2
What is the term for the process of creating mental representations of external objects or events?
Encoding
Decoding
Interference
Cognition
#3
What is the term for the process by which a child adjusts existing schemas to account for new information?
Assimilation
Accommodation
Generalization
Deduction
#4
What is the term for the process of actively organizing information in memory to make it easier to recall?
Retrieval
Encoding
Storage
Chunking
#5
What is the term for the mental ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?
Conservation
Centration
Object permanence
Reversibility
#6
Which theorist proposed the stages of cognitive development, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages?
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
Albert Bandura
#7
What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
The ability to solve problems through trial and error
The tendency to focus only on one aspect of a situation
The ability to understand abstract concepts
#8
Which type of memory involves the retention of information for short periods of time, typically ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes?
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Working memory
Procedural memory
#9
What is the term for a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing?
Schema
Prototype
Algorithm
Heuristic
#10
Which of the following is NOT a stage of language development proposed by Jean Piaget?
Babbling stage
Telegraphic stage
Holophrastic stage
Metalinguistic stage
#11
What is the term for the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions, as well as understand and respond to the emotions of others?
Emotional intelligence
Social competence
Cognitive flexibility
Empathy
#12
According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The range of tasks that a child can perform independently
The level of cognitive development that is determined by one's genetic makeup
The difference between what a child can do with assistance and what they can do independently
The process of forming attachments to caregivers
#13
What is executive function in the context of cognitive development?
The ability to regulate one's emotions and behaviors
The process of memorizing and recalling information
The capacity for logical and abstract thinking
The ability to plan, organize, and manage tasks
#14
According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary developmental task during the stage of 'autonomy versus shame and doubt'?
Developing trust
Learning to walk
Establishing independence
Forming intimate relationships
#15
What is theory of mind?
The ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own
The belief that one's own culture is superior to others
The process of learning language through imitation
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
#16
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at what stage of moral development do individuals obey rules to avoid punishment and seek rewards?
Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Postconventional morality
Universal ethical principles
#17
What is the term for the ability to mentally manipulate and rotate objects in space?
Spatial intelligence
Fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
Spatial reasoning