#1
In which phase of the viral life cycle does the virus attach to the host cell?
Attachment
ExplanationInitial phase where virus binds to host cell surface receptors.
#2
Which viral component is often used for classification and naming of viruses?
Viral capsid
ExplanationOuter protein shell surrounding the viral genome.
#3
What is the term for a virus that infects bacteria?
Bacteriophage
ExplanationViruses that target bacterial cells.
#4
What is the primary function of the viral capsid?
Protecting the viral genome
ExplanationProvides protection to the viral genetic material.
#5
What is the term for the process by which a virus enters a host cell?
Penetration
ExplanationVirus gains entry into host cell.
#6
What is the primary function of the viral envelope?
Facilitation of viral attachment to host cells
ExplanationEnables virus to bind to host cells, aiding in infection.
#7
Which type of virus is known to integrate its genetic material into the host genome?
Retrovirus
ExplanationViruses that use reverse transcriptase to insert their RNA into host DNA.
#8
Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of viral RNA from the viral DNA template in the retroviral life cycle?
Reverse transcriptase
ExplanationCatalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into DNA.
#9
During which phase of the viral life cycle does the viral genome get replicated?
Biosynthesis
ExplanationStage where viral nucleic acids are synthesized.
#10
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of RNA viruses?
They use reverse transcriptase during replication.
ExplanationRNA viruses utilize reverse transcriptase for replication.
#11
During which stage of the viral life cycle are new viral particles assembled and released from the host cell?
Release
ExplanationFinal stage where mature virions exit the host cell.
#12
What is the primary determinant of host cell specificity in viral infections?
Viral envelope proteins
ExplanationDetermines which cells the virus can infect.
#13
What is the primary difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages?
Lytic cycle involves host cell lysis, while lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome.
ExplanationLytic cycle causes immediate cell destruction, while lysogenic integrates without immediate harm.
#14
What is the term for the phenomenon where a virus can remain in a latent state within the host cell without causing immediate harm?
Latency
ExplanationVirus remains dormant within host, not actively replicating.
#15
Which type of viral genome consists of single-stranded RNA that can serve as mRNA for protein synthesis upon entering the host cell?
Positive-sense single-stranded RNA
ExplanationRNA can be immediately translated into proteins upon entry.