#1
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of metformin?
Lactic acidosis
ExplanationMetformin can lead to lactic acidosis, particularly in patients with renal impairment.
#2
Which oral antidiabetic agent works primarily by increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues?
Thiazolidinediones
ExplanationThiazolidinediones, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, enhance insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver.
#3
Which oral antidiabetic agent stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner?
Sulfonylureas
ExplanationSulfonylureas, like glipizide and glyburide, prompt insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in response to glucose levels.
#4
Which class of oral antidiabetic agents inhibits the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)?
DPP-4 inhibitors
ExplanationDPP-4 inhibitors, including sitagliptin and saxagliptin, block the enzyme DPP-4, prolonging the action of incretin hormones like GLP-1 and GIP.
#5
Which oral antidiabetic agent acts by inhibiting the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine?
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
ExplanationAlpha-glucosidase inhibitors, like acarbose and miglitol, impede the breakdown of complex carbohydrates in the small intestine, thereby reducing postprandial glucose spikes.
#6
Which oral antidiabetic agent is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections and genital mycotic infections?
SGLT-2 inhibitors
ExplanationSGLT-2 inhibitors, including empagliflozin and canagliflozin, may elevate the risk of urinary tract and genital infections due to increased glucose excretion in urine.
#7
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors?
Stimulation of insulin secretion
ExplanationSGLT-2 inhibitors, such as canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, primarily act by inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption, leading to glycosuria and reduced plasma glucose levels, but they do not stimulate insulin secretion.
#8
Which of the following statements about GLP-1 receptor agonists is true?
They inhibit gastric emptying
ExplanationGLP-1 receptor agonists, such as exenatide and liraglutide, slow gastric emptying, leading to reduced appetite and weight loss.
#9
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of pioglitazone?
Heart failure
ExplanationPioglitazone use is contraindicated in patients with heart failure, particularly those with symptomatic heart failure.
#10
Which of the following statements about repaglinide is correct?
It stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-independent manner
ExplanationRepaglinide triggers insulin release from pancreatic beta cells irrespective of glucose levels, which can increase the risk of hypoglycemia, especially if meals are skipped.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of thiazolidinediones?
Hypoglycemia
ExplanationThiazolidinediones like pioglitazone and rosiglitazone may cause weight gain, edema, and heart failure, but hypoglycemia is not a typical adverse effect.