#1
Which of the following factors contributes to personal identity?
Both genetics and social interactions
ExplanationPersonal identity is influenced by both biological factors (genetics) and environmental factors (social interactions).
#2
According to Erik Erikson's theory, which stage is associated with the conflict of 'identity vs. role confusion'?
Adolescence
ExplanationDuring adolescence, individuals experience the conflict between forming a coherent identity and experiencing confusion about their roles in society.
#3
According to the Big Five personality traits, which trait involves the tendency to be organized, responsible, and dependable?
Conscientiousness
ExplanationConscientiousness, one of the Big Five personality traits, reflects traits such as organization, responsibility, and dependability.
#4
According to Carl Rogers, what is necessary for psychological well-being?
Self-actualization
ExplanationCarl Rogers emphasized self-actualization as a key component of psychological well-being, representing the realization of one's potential and fulfillment of one's abilities.
#5
What does the term 'self-concept' refer to in psychology?
One's beliefs about oneself
ExplanationSelf-concept encompasses the beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes individuals hold about themselves.
#6
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be met before individuals can fulfill higher-level needs?
Physiological needs
ExplanationMaslow's hierarchy posits that physiological needs such as food, water, and shelter must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as belongingness and esteem can be addressed.
#7
Which theorist proposed the concept of 'self-schema'?
Hazel Markus
ExplanationHazel Markus introduced the concept of self-schema, which refers to a cognitive structure organizing information about the self.
#8
What is the term for the psychological distress caused by a mismatch between one's gender identity and assigned sex at birth?
Gender dysphoria
ExplanationGender dysphoria is the psychological distress experienced by individuals whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.
#9
What is the term for the process of re-evaluating one's self-concept and making changes based on one's experiences?
Identity achievement
ExplanationIdentity achievement involves the process of exploring and understanding oneself, leading to a cohesive and integrated self-concept.
#10
In psychology, what does the term 'self-esteem' refer to?
Overall evaluation of one's worth
ExplanationSelf-esteem refers to the overall subjective evaluation or perception of one's own worth, encompassing beliefs about oneself and emotional responses to those beliefs.
#11
What is the main concept behind the continuity theory of personal identity?
Identity remains consistent despite changes
ExplanationThe continuity theory suggests that personal identity persists and remains relatively stable over time, despite external and internal changes.
#12
According to self-discrepancy theory, what are the three domains of self?
Actual self, ideal self, and social self
ExplanationSelf-discrepancy theory posits three domains of self: the actual self (how one perceives oneself), the ideal self (how one wishes to be), and the social self (how one believes others see them).
#13
Which psychological theory proposes that individuals strive to maintain consistency between their self-concept and their behavior?
Self-verification theory
ExplanationSelf-verification theory suggests that individuals seek confirmation of their self-concept by maintaining consistency between how they perceive themselves and how they behave.
#14
Which theory suggests that individuals seek to maintain a stable and positive self-image by selectively interpreting information about themselves?
Self-perception theory
ExplanationSelf-perception theory, proposed by Daryl Bem, suggests that individuals infer their attitudes and attributes by observing their own behavior, leading to the maintenance of a stable and positive self-image.