#1
Which of the following is a component of self-concept according to Carl Rogers?
Ideal self
ExplanationThe ideal self represents the person one wishes to be, incorporating aspirations and goals.
#2
According to Freud, which part of the mind operates on the pleasure principle?
Id
ExplanationThe Id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and instincts.
#3
Which psychologist proposed the theory of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErik Erikson introduced the theory of psychosocial development, highlighting stages of life and associated challenges.
#4
Self-actualization is a concept most closely associated with which psychologist?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationAbraham Maslow is known for the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization at the pinnacle, representing the realization of one's full potential.
#5
Which of the following is a criticism of trait theory?
It fails to account for the influence of situational factors on behavior
ExplanationTrait theory is criticized for overlooking situational factors that can impact behavior, emphasizing fixed personality traits.
#6
Which theory of personality emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts?
Psychoanalytic theory
ExplanationPsychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior and personality.
#7
The 'Big Five' personality traits include all of the following except:
Machiavellianism
ExplanationMachiavellianism is not one of the Big Five personality traits, which are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
#8
According to the social cognitive theory, what is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that behavior, environment, and person factors all influence each other
ExplanationReciprocal determinism in social cognitive theory asserts that behavior, environment, and personal factors mutually influence each other.
#9
Who introduced the concept of the 'inferiority complex'?
Alfred Adler
ExplanationAlfred Adler introduced the concept of the inferiority complex, suggesting feelings of inadequacy and a desire to compensate for perceived shortcomings.
#10
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?
Safety needs
ExplanationMaslow's hierarchy stipulates that safety needs, including security and stability, must be satisfied before higher-level needs.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism identified by Freud?
Accommodation
ExplanationAccommodation is not a defense mechanism in Freudian theory; examples include repression, denial, and projection.
#12
Which type of personality assessment involves interpreting ambiguous stimuli?
Projective personality test
ExplanationProjective personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, require individuals to interpret ambiguous stimuli, revealing subconscious thoughts and feelings.
#13
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?
Autonomy vs. Attachment
ExplanationAutonomy vs. Attachment is not one of Erikson's stages; the actual stages include Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, etc.
#14
Which psychologist proposed the concept of 'learned helplessness'?
Martin Seligman
ExplanationMartin Seligman introduced the concept of 'learned helplessness,' where individuals believe they have no control over negative events, leading to passive behavior.
#15
Which psychological concept refers to the tendency to attribute one's own thoughts and feelings to others?
Projection
ExplanationProjection is the psychological concept referring to attributing one's own thoughts and feelings to others, projecting internal experiences onto external situations.