#1
Which of the following is a threat to internal validity in experimental research?
Selection bias
ExplanationBias in participant assignment affecting the study's internal validity.
#2
What is the term used to describe the situation when participants change their behavior simply because they are being observed?
Hawthorne effect
ExplanationAltered behavior due to awareness of being observed in a study.
#3
Which of the following is a method to improve external validity in experimental research?
Replication
ExplanationEnhancing external validity by repeating the experiment across different conditions.
#4
In experimental research, what is the term used to describe the extent to which results can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times?
External validity
ExplanationThe generalizability of study results beyond the specific experimental conditions.
#5
What is the term used to describe the situation where participants' scores naturally improve over time due to repeated testing?
Testing effect
ExplanationImprovement in scores over time, not due to treatment but repeated testing.
#6
Which of the following is a threat to construct validity in experimental research?
Instrumentation
ExplanationPotential bias or error introduced by changes in measurement instruments or procedures.
#7
In experimental research, what is the term used to describe the phenomenon where participants in the control group improve because they believe they are receiving treatment?
Placebo effect
ExplanationImprovement in the control group due to the belief of receiving active treatment.
#8
Which of the following is a threat to statistical conclusion validity in experimental research?
Low statistical power
ExplanationRisk of drawing incorrect conclusions due to insufficient statistical power.