#1
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which stage do children develop object permanence?
Sensorimotor stage
ExplanationChildren gain awareness that objects continue to exist even when not visible.
#2
Which theorist is associated with the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationLev Vygotsky introduced the concept of ZPD, focusing on tasks a child can perform with assistance.
#3
What is the main idea behind attachment theory?
Children develop strong emotional bonds with their primary caregivers
ExplanationAttachment theory highlights the significance of emotional connections with caregivers.
#4
Which psychologist is known for his theory of moral development, which includes stages such as preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationKohlberg's theory outlines stages of moral reasoning from self-interest to universal principles.
#5
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?
Independence vs. Shame and Doubt
ExplanationThis stage is not part of Erikson's theory.
#6
What is the term for the process of cells becoming specialized for particular functions?
Cell differentiation
ExplanationCell differentiation is the specialization of cells for specific functions.
#7
What is the main focus of Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?
Social and emotional development
ExplanationErikson's theory emphasizes the impact of social interactions on emotional growth and identity formation.
#8
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Freud's psychosexual theory of development?
Identity vs. Role Confusion stage
ExplanationThis stage is part of Erikson's theory, not Freud's.
#9
What is the term for the process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall?
Implantation
ExplanationImplantation is the attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining.
#10
Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
It underestimates the influence of social and cultural factors
ExplanationPiaget's theory is criticized for not adequately considering social and cultural influences.
#11
According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The range of tasks that a child can perform with the help of a more competent individual
ExplanationZPD is the range of tasks a child can do with assistance.
#12
Which type of parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?
Authoritarian
ExplanationAuthoritarian parenting involves strict rules and low emotional responsiveness.
#13
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which level of the environment encompasses the immediate surroundings that directly influence a child's development?
Microsystem
ExplanationThe microsystem involves immediate, direct influences on a child's development.
#14
According to attachment theory, what is the term for the distress that infants show when separated from their primary caregivers?
Separation anxiety
ExplanationSeparation anxiety is the distress infants display when separated from caregivers.
#15
According to Freud's psychosexual theory, what is the primary focus of the phallic stage?
Resolving the Oedipus or Electra complex
ExplanationPhallic stage involves resolving Oedipus or Electra complex conflicts.
#16
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, what does the macrosystem encompass?
The broader cultural context
ExplanationMacrosystem encompasses the broader cultural and societal context.
#17
Which of the following is a criticism often directed at Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?
It does not adequately account for individual differences in development
ExplanationCritics argue that Erikson's theory lacks consideration for individual developmental differences.