#1
Which of the following is not a stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
Integrity vs. Despair
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Isolation vs. Collaboration
#2
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does an individual typically conform to social norms?
Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Postconventional morality
Transconventional morality
#3
According to Erikson, what is the primary task during the stage of 'autonomy vs. shame and doubt'?
Developing a sense of trust
Exploring one's environment
Establishing independence
Forming intimate relationships
#4
Which theorist is associated with the concept of 'identity foreclosure' in the context of adolescent development?
Erik Erikson
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
James Marcia
#5
According to the 'Four Stages of Competence' model, which stage involves unconscious incompetence?
Stage 1: Unconscious incompetence
Stage 2: Conscious incompetence
Stage 3: Conscious competence
Stage 4: Unconscious competence
#6
What is the primary focus of Freud's psychosexual development theory during the phallic stage?
Exploration of the environment
Formation of identity
Development of sexual desires
Establishment of friendships
#7
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be fulfilled before an individual can pursue self-actualization?
Esteem needs
Safety needs
Belongingness and love needs
Physiological needs
#8
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the role of the 'zone of proximal development' in personal growth?
It represents the stage of peak physical development.
It indicates the level of cognitive functioning in adulthood.
It identifies the range of tasks a person can perform independently.
It signifies the area where learning occurs with assistance.
#9
Which of the following is not a component of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
Observational learning
Reciprocal determinism
Self-efficacy
Triadic reciprocity
Collective efficacy
#10
What is the main premise of Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy?
Unconditional positive regard
Behavior modification techniques
Cognitive restructuring
Psychoanalytic interpretation
#11
In the context of personal development, what does 'cognitive disequilibrium' refer to?
A state of imbalance caused by cognitive dissonance
A balanced state of cognitive functioning
A process of cognitive restructuring
A temporary state of confusion due to new information
#12
What is the primary difference between 'growth mindset' and 'fixed mindset,' according to Carol Dweck?
Perception of intelligence as static vs. malleable
Emphasis on individual achievement vs. societal progress
Preference for passive learning vs. active problem-solving
Focus on immediate gratification vs. delayed rewards
#13
What is the term used to describe the process of adapting one's behaviors and attitudes to fit the norms of a particular culture or social group?
Cultural integration
Socialization
Acculturation
Assimilation
#14
What does the 'self-schema' represent in cognitive psychology?
A mental model of one's personality traits
A set of beliefs about one's social identity
A framework for understanding personal values
A cognitive structure for processing self-relevant information
#15
Who proposed the 'theory of positive disintegration,' which suggests that personal development involves a series of internal conflicts and resolutions?
Carl Rogers
Erik Erikson
Kurt Lewin
Kazimierz Dąbrowski