Stages and Patterns in Human Development Quiz

Infancy typically refers to the period from birth to around two years old, which is part of early childhood.

In late adulthood, individuals reflect on their lives and may either achieve a sense of integrity, feeling fulfilled, or despair, feeling regretful.

The phallic stage, according to Freud, occurs during ages 3 to 6 and is marked by the child's focus on genitalia and the Oedipus or Electra complex.

During adolescence, individuals face the challenge of forming a coherent identity while navigating societal expectations and roles.

The Oedipus or Electra complex, involving unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent, typically emerges during Freud's phallic stage.

The sensorimotor stage is marked by the development of object permanence, where infants understand objects continue to exist even when not seen.

During this stage, adolescents grapple with forming a sense of self and struggle with role confusion as they seek to establish their identities.

During this stage, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers, forming the foundation of their worldview and relationships.

Lev Vygotsky introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development, highlighting the difference between what learners can do alone versus with guidance.

Vygotsky emphasized that cultural factors, transmitted through social interactions, shape cognitive development and problem-solving abilities.

Critics argue that Piaget's theory overlooks the significance of social interactions and cultural influences on cognitive development.

At the preconventional level, individuals make moral decisions based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards.

The microsystem consists of the immediate environments where an individual experiences daily interactions, such as family, friends, and school.

Attachment behaviors serve the function of providing emotional security and a safe base from which individuals can explore the world.

Maslow's hierarchy includes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs, but intellectual needs are not explicitly listed.

Erikson introduced the concept of the 'crisis of industry versus inferiority,' highlighting the developmental conflict during middle childhood.

Identity foreclosure involves adopting an identity prematurely, without exploring alternative options or possibilities.