#1
Which theory proposes that individuals seek to maintain consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
ExplanationIndividuals strive for internal consistency, causing discomfort ('dissonance') when beliefs or behaviors conflict, motivating them to align attitudes with actions.
#2
According to social identity theory, what motivates individuals to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with certain groups and comparing those groups favorably to others?
In-group bias
ExplanationPeople boost self-esteem by favoring their 'in-group' over others, seeking positive social identity through group affiliation.
#3
What term describes the tendency for individuals to perform better on tasks when they are in the presence of others?
Social Facilitation
ExplanationPeople often show improved performance on tasks in the presence of others, particularly when the task is simple or well-practiced.
#4
Which term describes the tendency for people to underestimate the situational factors and overestimate the dispositional factors when explaining others' behavior?
Fundamental Attribution Error
ExplanationPeople tend to attribute others' behavior to internal characteristics rather than considering situational factors.
#5
Which term describes the tendency for individuals to conform to the group norm in order to fit in and avoid rejection?
Normative Conformity
ExplanationPeople conform to group norms to gain social acceptance and avoid rejection, even if it means compromising personal beliefs.
#6
What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes?
Fundamental Attribution Error
ExplanationPeople tend to overemphasize internal factors when explaining others' actions while attributing their own actions to external factors.
#7
Which experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram examined the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience?
Obedience Experiment
ExplanationStanley Milgram's experiment explored the extent to which people comply with authority figures, even to the point of causing harm to others.
#8
In social psychology, what term refers to the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively on a task that is personally meaningful to them?
Social Loafing
ExplanationPeople may reduce effort in a group setting, especially if the task lacks personal significance, relying on others to compensate.
#9
What term describes the tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated?
Social Facilitation
ExplanationIndividuals tend to enhance performance on simple tasks but may struggle with complex tasks in the presence of others, particularly when their performance is being observed.
#10
Which concept refers to the process by which individuals conform to group norms in order to fit in and avoid rejection?
Normative Conformity
ExplanationPeople conform to group norms to gain acceptance and avoid rejection, even if it means sacrificing personal beliefs.
#11
What term describes the phenomenon where the presence of others inhibits an individual's willingness to help in an emergency situation?
Diffusion of Responsibility
ExplanationIndividuals feel less responsible to act in an emergency when in a group, assuming others will take charge.
#12
Which theory posits that individuals conform to group norms because they believe others possess superior knowledge and act in accordance with it?
Informational Social Influence
ExplanationPeople conform to group norms based on the belief that others have superior knowledge and are acting appropriately.
#13
Which phenomenon describes an individual's decreased tendency to help when they know that others are present?
Bystander Effect
ExplanationPeople are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when others are present, assuming someone else will take responsibility.
#14
According to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasion can occur through two routes. What are these routes?
Central and peripheral
ExplanationPersuasion can occur either through careful consideration of arguments (central route) or through superficial cues and attractiveness (peripheral route).
#15
What term refers to the tendency for group members to suppress dissenting viewpoints in order to maintain harmony within the group?
Groupthink
ExplanationGroup members may silence dissenting opinions to preserve group cohesion and avoid conflict, potentially leading to poor decision-making.
#16
According to the self-perception theory, what happens when people infer their attitudes by observing their own behavior?
Cognitive Dissonance
ExplanationIndividuals may infer their attitudes by observing their own behavior, creating a sense of cognitive dissonance if attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.
#17
Which theory suggests that people infer their own attitudes by observing their own behaviors, similar to how they infer attitudes of others?
Self-Perception Theory
ExplanationIndividuals may form attitudes by observing their own behavior, a process described by the self-perception theory.