#1
What is the term for the process by which people select, interpret, and remember information based on their preexisting beliefs and attitudes?
Confirmation Bias
ExplanationPeople tend to interpret information based on preexisting beliefs, known as confirmation bias.
#2
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to comply with a request if it comes from someone they perceive as an authority figure?
Obedience
ExplanationIndividuals are more likely to comply with requests from perceived authority figures, termed obedience.
#3
What does the term 'in-group favoritism' refer to?
The tendency to favor one's own group over others.
ExplanationPreferring one's own group over others is termed in-group favoritism.
#4
What is the term for the tendency to favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation Bias
ExplanationPreferring information that confirms existing beliefs is termed confirmation bias.
#5
What is the term for the process of interpreting ambiguous information in a way that conforms to one's existing beliefs or expectations?
Selective Perception
ExplanationInterpreting ambiguous information to fit existing beliefs is termed selective perception.
#6
Which theory suggests that people tend to conform to group norms to feel accepted and avoid rejection?
Social Identity Theory
ExplanationIndividuals conform to group norms for acceptance and to avoid rejection.
#7
Which factor is NOT considered as a determinant of public opinion formation?
Government Regulations
ExplanationGovernment regulations are not considered as determinants of public opinion formation.
#8
Which psychological phenomenon occurs when individuals in a group tend to exert less effort when working collectively compared to individually?
Social Loafing
ExplanationIndividuals exert less effort in group settings, known as social loafing.
#9
Which term describes the tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors while attributing our behavior to external factors?
Fundamental Attribution Error
ExplanationWe tend to attribute others' behavior to internal factors and our own behavior to external factors, called fundamental attribution error.
#10
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing persuasion?
Personal Values
ExplanationPersonal values are not a factor influencing persuasion.
#11
In public opinion research, what does the 'spiral of silence' theory propose?
People are less likely to express their opinion if they perceive it to be in the minority, fearing social isolation.
ExplanationPeople refrain from expressing minority opinions due to fear of social isolation.
#12
According to social identity theory, what role does group membership play in shaping individual behavior?
It influences individual behavior by shaping perceptions and attitudes.
ExplanationGroup membership shapes individual behavior through perceptions and attitudes, as per social identity theory.
#13
According to social facilitation theory, what effect does the presence of others have on individual performance?
It enhances performance on simple tasks and impairs performance on complex tasks.
ExplanationThe presence of others enhances performance on simple tasks but impairs it on complex tasks, as per social facilitation theory.
#14
Which factor is NOT associated with groupthink?
Open discussion and diverse viewpoints
ExplanationGroupthink does not involve open discussion and diverse viewpoints.
#15
According to the elaboration likelihood model, which route to persuasion involves careful consideration of arguments and evidence?
Central Route
ExplanationPersuasion through careful argument consideration is the central route, as per the elaboration likelihood model.