#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten by one.
ExplanationAssociation of an involuntary response with a stimulus.
#2
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of sleep in the sleep cycle?
Alpha sleep
ExplanationNot a recognized stage of sleep.
#3
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be satisfied first before others become motivators?
Physiological
ExplanationBasic survival needs as primary motivators.
#4
What is the term for the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information?
Recency effect
ExplanationPreference for recent memory recall.
#5
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of mood, sleep, and appetite?
Serotonin
ExplanationRegulates mood, sleep, and appetite.
#6
What does the bystander effect refer to?
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency situation when others are present.
ExplanationReduced likelihood of assistance in a group.
#7
Which neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and reward?
Dopamine
ExplanationLinked with pleasure and reinforcement.
#8
What is the fundamental principle behind operant conditioning?
Learning through rewards and punishments for behavior.
ExplanationBehavior modification through consequences.
#9
What does the halo effect refer to in psychology?
The tendency to attribute positive traits to someone based on their physical attractiveness or other qualities.
ExplanationPositive bias based on initial impression.
#10
What does the term 'cognitive dissonance' describe?
The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
ExplanationConflict between beliefs causing discomfort.
#11
What is the main focus of the humanistic approach in psychology?
Examining how individuals strive for self-fulfillment and personal growth
ExplanationEmphasizes human potential and growth.
#12
What concept refers to the tendency to attribute one's own thoughts and beliefs to others?
False consensus effect
ExplanationAssuming others share our beliefs.
#13
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder?
Increased energy levels
ExplanationOpposite of typical symptom.
#14
Which theorist is associated with the concept of 'ego defense mechanisms'?
Sigmund Freud
ExplanationDefense mechanisms against anxiety.
#15
What is the term for the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of situations in explaining other people's behavior?
Fundamental attribution error
ExplanationAttributing behavior to personality over situations.
#16
Who proposed the concept of 'self-efficacy'?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBelief in one's ability to achieve goals.
#17
According to the theory of classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus paired with in order to produce a conditioned response?
Conditioned stimulus
ExplanationOriginally neutral stimulus linked with unconditioned stimulus.