#1
Which of the following best describes perception?
It is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
ExplanationPerception involves making sense of what we see, hear, and feel in our environment.
#2
What is a cognitive process?
A mental process that includes thinking, knowing, and remembering.
ExplanationCognitive processes encompass all mental activities such as problem-solving, decision-making, and learning.
#3
In the context of organizational behavior, what does the term 'motivation' refer to?
The process of influencing employees to work towards organizational goals.
ExplanationMotivation involves understanding what drives employees to perform and using strategies to encourage them to achieve organizational objectives.
#4
Which theory suggests that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities?
Equity Theory
ExplanationEquity theory posits that individuals strive to maintain fairness in their relationships by comparing their inputs and outcomes to those of others.
#5
What is the concept of selective perception in organizational behavior?
The tendency to give more importance to certain information while ignoring others.
ExplanationSelective perception influences how individuals interpret and react to information, often leading to biased decision-making.
#6
What is the term for the tendency to rely on pre-existing beliefs or initial judgments when making decisions?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias influences decision-making by favoring information that supports existing beliefs while dismissing contradictory evidence.
#7
Which model of decision-making suggests that individuals make decisions by comparing the perceived costs and benefits of different alternatives?
Rational decision-making model
ExplanationThe rational decision-making model assumes that individuals make decisions by evaluating options based on their preferences and the expected outcomes.
#8
Which concept refers to the tendency of individuals to seek out and pay attention to information that confirms their existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory information?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias influences decision-making by favoring information that supports existing beliefs while dismissing contradictory evidence.
#9
What does the term 'cognitive dissonance' refer to in organizational behavior?
The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
ExplanationCognitive dissonance arises when individuals hold contradictory beliefs or attitudes, leading to psychological discomfort.
#10
According to the dual-process theory of decision-making, what are the two primary systems that drive decision-making?
Rational and emotional systems
ExplanationThe dual-process theory suggests that decision-making involves both rational, deliberate processes and emotional, intuitive processes.
#11
What is the term for the phenomenon where people tend to overestimate the likelihood of rare events and underestimate the likelihood of common events?
Base rate fallacy
ExplanationThe base rate fallacy leads individuals to ignore statistical probabilities and focus on specific, dramatic instances, leading to erroneous conclusions.
#12
According to attribution theory, what are the three main factors that influence how we attribute the behavior of others?
Consensus, distinctiveness, and stability
ExplanationAttribution theory suggests that we attribute others' behavior based on consensus (how others behave), distinctiveness (how the person behaves in different situations), and stability (how consistently the person behaves).
#13
What is the term for a situation in which individuals within a group suppress their doubts or reservations about a decision or action in order to preserve harmony?
Groupthink
ExplanationGroupthink occurs when group members prioritize harmony and conformity over critical thinking, leading to flawed decision-making.