#1
Which memory theory suggests that memories are constructed rather than simply being retrieved like files from a computer?
Constructive memory theory
ExplanationMemories are viewed as actively constructed and reconstructed, not passively retrieved.
#2
According to the dual coding theory, which type of encoding leads to stronger memories?
Visual encoding
ExplanationEncoding information both visually and verbally enhances memory recall.
#3
According to the levels of processing model, which of the following statements best describes shallow processing?
Focusing on the physical features of information
ExplanationSuperficial processing emphasizing physical characteristics rather than meaning.
#4
According to the levels of processing model, which of the following statements best describes semantic processing?
Creating meaningful connections with existing knowledge
ExplanationSemantic processing involves creating meaningful connections with existing knowledge for deeper encoding.
#5
According to the levels of processing model, which of the following statements best describes structural processing?
Focusing on the physical features of information
ExplanationSuperficial processing emphasizing the physical features of information rather than its meaning.
#6
Which memory model suggests that memory is like a computer, with information being processed and stored in stages?
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
ExplanationMemory is conceptualized as a computer-like system with sequential processing and storage.
#7
According to the encoding specificity principle, retrieval cues are most effective when they match the _____ of the information that was encoded.
context
ExplanationRetrieval cues work best when they match the contextual elements of the encoded information.
#8
According to the serial position effect, which items are typically recalled best in a list?
Items at the beginning
ExplanationItems presented at the beginning of a list are often recalled more easily.
#9
Which theory of forgetting suggests that memories fade or decay over time if they are not accessed or rehearsed?
Decay theory
ExplanationForgetting occurs as memories naturally weaken and fade over time without rehearsal.
#10
Which memory system is responsible for briefly storing sensory information?
Sensory memory
ExplanationSensory memory briefly holds and processes incoming sensory information.
#11
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of retrieval-induced forgetting?
Recalling one memory can inhibit the recall of related memories
ExplanationRecalling one memory can suppress the retrieval of related memories due to competition.
#12
According to the levels of processing model, which of the following types of processing leads to the deepest level of encoding?
Semantic processing
ExplanationDeeper encoding occurs when information is processed for meaning and relevance.
#13
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is an example of _____ failure.
Retrieval
ExplanationDifficulty in recalling information despite the feeling that it's on the 'tip of the tongue' represents a retrieval failure.
#14
Which mnemonic device involves creating a visual image of items you want to remember and placing them in familiar locations?
Method of loci
ExplanationMemorization technique involving associating information with specific locations in a familiar setting.
#15
Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to remember information better when their mood at encoding matches their mood at retrieval?
State-dependent memory
ExplanationMemory retrieval is enhanced when the emotional state during encoding matches that during retrieval.