#1
Which amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects against unreasonable searches and seizures?
Fourth Amendment
ExplanationProtection against unreasonable searches and seizures
#2
Which of the following situations might give rise to probable cause?
Observation of suspicious behavior
ExplanationObservation of suspicious behavior
#3
Which of the following is a requirement for establishing probable cause?
Reasonable suspicion
ExplanationMinimal level of evidence indicating guilt
#4
In the context of probable cause, what does 'reasonable suspicion' entail?
Minimal level of evidence indicating guilt
ExplanationMinimal level of evidence indicating guilt
#5
What standard is required to obtain a search warrant?
Probable cause
ExplanationStandard required for obtaining a search warrant
#6
What is the primary role of a grand jury in the context of probable cause?
To issue an indictment based on probable cause
ExplanationIssuing indictment based on probable cause
#7
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a factor in determining probable cause?
Personal beliefs of law enforcement
ExplanationPersonal beliefs of law enforcement
#8
What is the main distinction between 'reasonable suspicion' and 'probable cause'?
The level of certainty required
ExplanationDifference in required certainty levels
#9
In the context of search and seizure, what is the 'fruit of the poisonous tree' doctrine?
Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court
ExplanationInadmissibility of illegally obtained evidence
#10
What standard is required for a Terry stop (stop and frisk) to be justified?
Reasonable suspicion
ExplanationStandard required for Terry stop justification
#11
What is the 'totality of the circumstances' test used for in evaluating probable cause?
To evaluate whether there is enough evidence to justify probable cause
ExplanationAssessing sufficiency of evidence for probable cause
#12
Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the 'totality of the circumstances' test for evaluating probable cause?
Illinois v. Gates
ExplanationCase establishing the 'totality of the circumstances' test
#13
What standard is required for a search incident to arrest to be justified?
Probable cause
ExplanationStandard required for search incident to arrest justification
#14
What is the primary purpose of the exclusionary rule in relation to probable cause?
To prevent the use of illegally obtained evidence in court
ExplanationPrevention of using illegally obtained evidence in court