#1
Which learning theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior?
Behavioral theory
ExplanationBehavioral theory focuses on the impact of reinforcement on behavior.
#2
Who developed the classical conditioning theory, which involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationIvan Pavlov pioneered classical conditioning, associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned one to trigger a conditioned response.
#3
Which learning theory emphasizes the role of mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving in learning?
Cognitive theory
ExplanationCognitive theory highlights mental processes like attention, memory, and problem-solving as crucial in the learning process.
#4
Who proposed the idea of operant conditioning, introducing the concept of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner introduced the concept of operant conditioning, using reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior.
#5
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level involves the need for love, belonging, and interpersonal relationships?
Social needs
ExplanationIn Maslow's hierarchy, social needs involve the desire for love, belonging, and interpersonal relationships.
#6
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage occurs during infancy and is characterized by sensory experiences and motor interactions?
Sensorimotor stage
ExplanationThe sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory involves infants' exploration through senses and motor activities.
#7
Who proposed the social cognitive theory, emphasizing observational learning and self-regulation?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura introduced the social cognitive theory, highlighting learning through observation and self-control.
#8
What is the main focus of the information processing theory in cognitive psychology?
Memory and thinking processes
ExplanationInformation processing theory in cognitive psychology concentrates on memory and cognitive thinking processes.
#9
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The difference between actual development and potential development
ExplanationThe zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the gap between a learner's current abilities and their potential, according to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.
#10
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary conflict in the stage of adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationThe primary conflict in Erikson's adolescence stage is the struggle between developing a clear identity and experiencing role confusion.
#11
Who is known for the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait but encompasses various abilities?
Howard Gardner
ExplanationHoward Gardner is associated with the theory of multiple intelligences, proposing that intelligence comprises diverse abilities.
#12
According to the psychoanalytic theory, which part of the mind operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification?
Id
ExplanationThe Id, according to psychoanalytic theory, operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification.
#13
In the context of operant conditioning, what term is used to describe the process of weakening a behavior by removing a positive stimulus or applying a negative stimulus?
Negative punishment
ExplanationNegative punishment in operant conditioning involves reducing a behavior by taking away a positive stimulus or applying a negative one.
#14
Which learning theory suggests that individuals actively construct their knowledge through a process of assimilation and accommodation?
Constructivist theory
ExplanationConstructivist theory posits that individuals build knowledge by assimilating new information and accommodating it to existing mental structures.
#15
In operant conditioning, what term refers to the process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding a positive stimulus?
Positive reinforcement
ExplanationPositive reinforcement in operant conditioning involves strengthening a behavior by adding a positive stimulus.
#16
Who proposed the hierarchy of needs, suggesting that individuals strive to satisfy basic physiological needs before progressing to higher levels of psychological needs?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationAbraham Maslow introduced the hierarchy of needs, emphasizing the sequential fulfillment of basic physiological needs before addressing higher psychological ones.
#17
In the context of classical conditioning, what term refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction in classical conditioning is the fading away of a conditioned response over time.
#18
Which learning theory focuses on the role of free will, personal growth, and self-actualization in human behavior?
Humanistic theory
ExplanationHumanistic theory centers on free will, personal growth, and self-actualization as key factors in human behavior.
#19
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, what is the unconditioned response (UCR) to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of food?
Salivation
ExplanationThe unconditioned response (UCR) to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of food in Pavlov's experiments is salivation.