#1
Which of the following immunodiagnostic techniques relies on the detection of antibodies?
ELISA
PCR
Western Blot
Southern Blot
#2
Which type of vaccine uses a weakened form of the virus or bacteria to stimulate an immune response?
Inactivated vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
#3
Which immunodiagnostic technique is commonly used to detect the presence of antigens?
Western Blot
PCR
ELISA
Northern Blot
#4
Which type of vaccine is produced by using a fragment of the pathogen, rather than the whole organism?
Live attenuated vaccine
Inactivated vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
#5
Which of the following immunodiagnostic techniques involves the separation of proteins based on their size and charge?
Western Blot
PCR
ELISA
SDS-PAGE
#6
What is the main advantage of subunit vaccines over live attenuated vaccines?
They provide stronger and longer-lasting immunity
They can be safely administered to immunocompromised individuals
They require fewer doses to confer immunity
They stimulate a broader immune response
#7
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?
To weaken the pathogen
To enhance the immune response
To improve vaccine stability
To prevent allergic reactions
#8
Which of the following immunodiagnostic techniques is used to detect specific proteins in a sample?
#9
What is the function of the capsid in a virus?
To facilitate viral replication
To protect the genetic material
To mediate attachment to host cells
To regulate viral gene expression
#10
Which of the following is a disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
They provide long-lasting immunity
They can cause severe side effects
They are safe for immunocompromised individuals
They require multiple doses for effectiveness
#11
Which of the following is a characteristic of DNA vaccines?
They cannot induce cellular immunity
They have a high risk of causing infections
They require live pathogens for production
They can induce both cellular and humoral immune responses
#12
What is the role of the spike protein in COVID-19 vaccines?
It facilitates viral entry into host cells
It protects the genetic material of the virus
It regulates viral gene expression
It enhances viral replication
#13
Which type of vaccine is made by introducing genetic material from a pathogen into host cells to stimulate an immune response?
Live attenuated vaccine
Inactivated vaccine
Nucleic acid vaccine
Subunit vaccine
#14
Which vaccine type uses a carrier molecule to enhance the immune response to a weak antigen?
Live attenuated vaccine
Inactivated vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
#15
Which type of vaccine uses a harmless virus as a vector to deliver genetic material from the target pathogen?
Live attenuated vaccine
Inactivated vaccine
Nucleic acid vaccine
Viral vector vaccine
#16
What is the mechanism of action of an inactivated vaccine?
It introduces live virus into the body
It stimulates a weak immune response
It delivers genetic material to host cells
It exposes the immune system to viral antigens without causing disease
#17
What distinguishes a recombinant subunit vaccine from a traditional subunit vaccine?
The use of live pathogens
The inclusion of viral DNA
The addition of adjuvants
The production of antigen using genetic engineering