#1
Which of the following is a common symptom of heart failure?
Persistent cough
ExplanationMay indicate pulmonary congestion and fluid accumulation in the lungs.
#2
Which classification system is commonly used to assess the severity of heart failure symptoms?
New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification
ExplanationCategorizes symptoms based on activity limitations and symptom severity.
#3
What is the primary purpose of ACE inhibitors in heart failure management?
Inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
ExplanationReduces vasoconstriction and fluid retention, improving cardiac function.
#4
Which class of medications is commonly used for managing fluid retention in heart failure?
Diuretics
ExplanationPromote urine production, reducing fluid overload.
#5
Which imaging modality is commonly used to assess cardiac structure and function in heart failure?
Ultrasound (echocardiography)
ExplanationProvides detailed images of the heart's chambers, valves, and blood flow.
#6
What is the primary goal of beta-blockers in heart failure management?
Reduce myocardial workload
ExplanationLowers heart rate and contractility, reducing oxygen demand.
#7
In heart failure, which type of diuretic is commonly used to manage fluid overload?
Loop diuretics
ExplanationPowerful diuretics that inhibit sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
#8
What is the ejection fraction range indicative of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?
Less than 40%
ExplanationReflects impaired pumping ability and systolic dysfunction.
#9
Which lifestyle modification is recommended for patients with heart failure?
Smoking cessation
ExplanationReduces cardiovascular risk and improves overall health.
#10
Which laboratory test is commonly used to assess renal function in heart failure patients on diuretics?
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
ExplanationMonitors kidney function and potential diuretic-induced impairment.
#11
What is the primary mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure?
Blocking aldosterone receptors
ExplanationReduces sodium and water retention, improving heart function.
#12
Which parameter is measured to assess the effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure?
QRS duration on electrocardiogram (ECG)
ExplanationIndicates improved ventricular synchrony with effective CRT.