Fundamentals of Human Development and Psychological Perspectives Quiz

Erik Erikson is known for his theory of psychosocial development, which outlines eight stages of psychological and social development throughout life.

The psychoanalytic perspective, founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the significance of unconscious motives and conflicts in shaping human behavior.

Attachment refers to the emotional connection and bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver, playing a crucial role in the infant's emotional and social development.

A schema is a cognitive framework or mental structure that helps individuals organize and interpret information, facilitating understanding and guiding behavior.

The nature vs. nurture debate in psychology examines the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) in shaping human development, acknowledging that both factors interact to influence behavior and traits.

Object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, develops during Piaget's sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years).

Physiological needs such as food, water, shelter, and sleep are considered basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy, forming the foundation for higher-level needs like safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

The critical period hypothesis suggests that there's a window of time during which language acquisition is optimal and occurs most easily, typically in early childhood.

The humanistic perspective emphasizes individuals' innate drive towards self-improvement, personal growth, and fulfilling their potential, often through concepts like self-actualization.

The 'strange situation' is a standardized procedure used to assess attachment patterns in infants, examining their reactions to separations and reunions with their primary caregivers in a controlled environment.

B.F. Skinner is the psychologist associated with the theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on how behavior is influenced by consequences such as rewards and punishments.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable other, representing the gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

Albert Bandura developed the social cognitive theory, which highlights the interplay between cognitive processes, behavior, and environmental influences, including the concept of reciprocal determinism.

During adolescence, individuals navigate the psychosocial stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion, where they explore and establish their personal identity while wrestling with societal expectations and roles.

Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory emphasizes the multifaceted impact of environmental influences, including family, peers, community, and culture, on individual development.