#1
Which amendment in the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of speech?
First Amendment
ExplanationFirst Amendment safeguards the right to freedom of speech in the United States.
#2
What does the acronym 'FERPA' stand for in the U.S. educational context?
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Explanation'FERPA' stands for the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act in the U.S.
#3
Which type of speech is typically afforded the highest level of protection under the First Amendment?
Political speech
ExplanationPolitical speech is typically afforded the highest level of protection under the First Amendment.
#4
In educational settings, what is a common limitation to freedom of expression?
Subject to disruption of educational activities
ExplanationFreedom of expression in education is limited when it may disrupt educational activities.
#5
Which Supreme Court case established the 'Tinker Test' for student expression?
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
ExplanationTinker v. Des Moines set the 'Tinker Test' standard for evaluating student expression rights.
#6
Which international human rights instrument explicitly protects freedom of expression?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
ExplanationThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights explicitly protects freedom of expression.
#7
In the context of freedom of expression, what is 'prior restraint'?
Government action to prevent speech before it occurs
Explanation'Prior restraint' is the government's action to prevent speech before it takes place.
#8
What is the 'Miller Test' used to determine in the United States?
Obscenity
ExplanationThe 'Miller Test' is used to determine whether material is obscene under U.S. law.
#9
What is the 'Heckler's Veto' in the context of freedom of expression?
Suppression of speech due to potential audience reaction
ExplanationThe 'Heckler's Veto' involves suppressing speech due to anticipated negative audience reactions.
#10
In the context of freedom of expression, what does the 'Lemon Test' assess?
Government endorsement of religion
ExplanationThe 'Lemon Test' assesses government actions for potential endorsement of religion.
#11
What is the 'chilling effect' in the context of freedom of expression?
Self-censorship due to fear of punishment
ExplanationThe 'chilling effect' is self-censorship arising from the fear of potential punishment.
#12
Which landmark case involved the burning of the American flag as a form of political expression?
Texas v. Johnson
ExplanationTexas v. Johnson dealt with the burning of the American flag as a form of political expression.
#13
Which principle suggests that restrictions on freedom of expression should be the least restrictive means to achieve a compelling government interest?
Strict scrutiny
Explanation'Strict scrutiny' requires that restrictions on freedom of expression be the least restrictive means to achieve a compelling government interest.