#1
Which of the following is NOT a threat to internal validity in research?
Regression toward the mean
ExplanationNatural tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the average over repeated measures.
#2
Which of the following is NOT a type of validity in research?
Convergent validity
ExplanationAssessment of whether different measures of the same construct are related.
#3
Which of the following is NOT a potential source of bias in research?
Standardization bias
ExplanationBias introduced from consistent application of standards.
#4
In research, what does the term 'reliability' refer to?
The consistency of results when the study is repeated
ExplanationConsistency of results across repeated applications of a study.
#5
What is the term for the tendency of participants in a study to try to guess what the researcher is looking for and alter their behavior accordingly?
Demand characteristics
ExplanationParticipants altering behavior based on perceived research objectives.
#6
What type of validity assesses whether the results of a study can be generalized to other contexts?
External validity
ExplanationExtent to which findings can be applied to different settings or populations.
#7
In a research study, what does reliability refer to?
The consistency of results obtained over time with the same tool
ExplanationDegree to which the same results are obtained with repeated use of the same tool.
#8
Which of the following is a potential threat to external validity?
Hawthorne effect
ExplanationChanges in behavior due to awareness of being observed, affecting generalizability.
#9
What is the term used to describe the extent to which a study accurately measures the variables it claims to measure?
Construct validity
ExplanationDegree to which variables are accurately measured and manipulated.
#10
What is the term for the tendency of participants to change their behavior because they are aware they are being observed?
Hawthorne effect
ExplanationAltering behavior due to being part of a study.
#11
Which of the following is a type of validity that refers to the extent to which a measurement tool appears to measure what it claims to measure?
Face validity
ExplanationSubjective assessment of whether a tool measures what it intends to measure.
#12
Which of the following is a potential threat to construct validity?
Instrumentation
ExplanationChanges in measurement or observation tools impacting the consistency of results.
#13
What is the purpose of using a control group in an experimental study?
To compare the experimental group with a baseline
ExplanationProvides a reference point to assess the effect of the experimental manipulation.
#14
Which of the following is a method to enhance the internal validity of a research study?
Randomly assign participants to groups
ExplanationMinimizing confounding variables by randomly assigning participants to conditions.
#15
Which of the following is a potential threat to internal validity related to the passage of time during a study?
Maturation
ExplanationChanges occurring naturally over time affecting study outcomes.
#16
Which of the following is a potential threat to internal validity that refers to changes occurring naturally over time, rather than as a result of the experimental manipulation?
Maturation
ExplanationChanges occurring naturally over time affecting study outcomes.
#17
What is the term for the tendency of extreme scores on a variable to become less extreme over time, purely due to chance?
Regression toward the mean
ExplanationNatural tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the average over repeated measures.