#1
Which of the following is an example of a point prevalence?
The number of individuals with diabetes at a specific date
ExplanationPoint prevalence counts the number of cases at a particular time.
#2
What is the purpose of a case series in epidemiology?
To describe and report characteristics of a group of individuals with a particular disease.
ExplanationCase series elucidate the clinical features and outcomes of individuals with a specific ailment.
#3
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence in epidemiology?
Incidence measures the number of new cases, while prevalence is the total number of cases.
ExplanationIncidence tracks new cases, whereas prevalence includes all cases, old and new.
#4
In epidemiology, what does the term 'epidemic' refer to?
A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific geographic area.
ExplanationAn epidemic denotes a rapid surge in disease incidence within a defined region.
#5
Which of the following is a measure of association used in epidemiological studies?
Odds ratio
ExplanationOdds ratio quantifies the likelihood of an event occurring in one group compared to another.
#6
What does the term 'relative risk' represent in epidemiology?
The ratio of the incidence rate in exposed individuals to the incidence rate in unexposed individuals.
ExplanationRelative risk gauges the likelihood of developing a disease between exposed and unexposed groups.
#7
What is the main difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in epidemiology?
Cross-sectional studies collect data at a single point in time, while longitudinal studies follow individuals over time.
ExplanationCross-sectional studies capture data at one time point, whereas longitudinal studies track individuals' health status over time.
#8
Which of the following is a measure of disease frequency that accounts for the time an individual is at risk for the disease?
Incidence rate
ExplanationIncidence rate adjusts for the duration of exposure to the disease risk.
#9
What is the purpose of a case-control study in epidemiology?
To investigate the causes and risk factors of a disease in a population.
ExplanationCase-control studies aim to identify factors associated with disease development retrospectively.
#10
What is the primary purpose of a cohort study in epidemiology?
To investigate the causes and risk factors of a disease in a population.
ExplanationCohort studies follow groups over time to discern potential causes and risk factors for diseases.
#11
In epidemiology, what is the purpose of randomization in a clinical trial?
To ensure that participants have equal chances of being assigned to different treatment groups.
ExplanationRandomization ensures unbiased allocation of participants to treatment arms, reducing confounding factors.
#12
What is the term for the ratio of the risk of a disease in exposed individuals to the risk in unexposed individuals, taking into account the time factor?
Incidence rate ratio
ExplanationIncidence rate ratio compares the risk of disease occurrence between exposed and unexposed groups, considering the exposure duration.