Epidemiological Measures and Study Designs Quiz

Mean is a statistical measure, not an epidemiological measure.

Prevalence reflects the total cases of a disease in a population at a given time.

Odds ratio quantifies the odds of exposure in cases compared to controls in case-control studies.

Randomization is a method to prevent bias; it is not a source of bias itself.

Hazard ratio assesses the risk of an event occurring over time in epidemiological studies.

Incidence rate quantifies the rate of new cases in a defined population over time.

Cohort studies follow a group over time to evaluate the relationship between exposure and outcome.

Cross-sectional studies capture data at a single point, limiting causal inference.

Relative risk assesses the likelihood of an outcome in an exposed group compared to an unexposed group.

Case-control studies are efficient for rare outcomes, conducted faster and with fewer resources.

Blinding prevents participant knowledge of their assigned intervention, reducing bias.

Randomization minimizes bias by distributing participant characteristics evenly across groups.

Systematic reviews often include a meta-analysis for quantitative synthesis of data.

Ecological studies analyze disease distribution in populations, focusing on group-level associations.

Specificity is not a necessary criterion in Bradford Hill's guidelines for establishing causality.

Cohort studies determine exposure status before the outcome develops, distinguishing them from case-control studies.