#1
Which of the following is an example of situational attribution?
Attributing someone's tardiness to traffic congestion
ExplanationExplaining behavior based on external factors rather than internal traits.
#2
In the context of behavior, what does the term 'self-serving bias' refer to?
The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors
ExplanationTaking credit for success but blaming external factors for failure.
#3
Which term describes the tendency for individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationThe inclination to credit oneself for success but blame outside factors for failure.
#4
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals tend to underestimate the duration and intensity of future emotions?
Affective forecasting
ExplanationPredicting future emotions inaccurately, often underestimating their intensity or duration.
#5
In psychology, what is the term for the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind?
Availability heuristic
ExplanationMaking judgments based on the ease with which relevant instances or information come to mind.
#6
According to the fundamental attribution error, people tend to overestimate the influence of ______ and underestimate the influence of ______ when explaining others' behavior.
personality traits, situational factors
ExplanationOveremphasizing internal traits and underemphasizing external circumstances in explaining behavior.
#7
What term refers to the tendency for individuals to engage in riskier behavior when part of a group?
Deindividuation
ExplanationLoss of self-awareness and individual accountability in group settings.
#8
What term describes the phenomenon where people adjust their behavior or thinking to match that of other people?
Conformity
ExplanationAdapting actions or beliefs to align with group norms or expectations.
#9
Which theory suggests that people are motivated to maintain a sense of consistency in their attitudes and behaviors?
Cognitive dissonance theory
ExplanationDiscomfort from conflicting beliefs or actions, leading to efforts to restore harmony.
#10
What term refers to the tendency to perceive oneself favorably compared to others?
Self-enhancement bias
ExplanationA tendency to view oneself more positively than others, often to bolster self-esteem.
#11
Which psychological theory emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior?
Ecological systems theory
ExplanationStresses the impact of surroundings on behavior and development.
#12
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency situation when others are present?
Bystander effect
ExplanationThe likelihood of intervention decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
#13
What term refers to the tendency to attribute one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person?
Projection
ExplanationAttributing one's own traits or desires to others.
#14
According to the Stanford prison experiment, what factor played a significant role in influencing the behavior of participants?
Situational context
ExplanationThe environment's impact on behavior, as demonstrated by the study's findings.
#15
What theory suggests that behavior is influenced by the expected outcomes of actions and the subjective value placed on those outcomes?
Expectancy-value theory
ExplanationBehavior is determined by the anticipation of results and their perceived significance.