#1
Which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory occurs during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationInfants develop a sense of trust when their needs are consistently met, leading to a foundation for healthy psychosocial development.
#2
According to Jean Piaget, in which stage do children develop object permanence?
Sensorimotor stage
ExplanationObject permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight, is a key achievement during Piaget's sensorimotor stage.
#3
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
The study of changes in behavior and abilities across the lifespan
ExplanationDevelopmental psychology focuses on understanding how behaviors and abilities change over the course of an individual's life.
#4
According to Erikson, what is the central conflict of adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescents face the psychosocial conflict of establishing a coherent identity versus experiencing confusion about their roles and identity.
#5
What is the term for a sudden understanding of how to solve a problem, which indicates a leap in cognitive ability according to Piaget?
Insight
ExplanationInsight refers to the sudden realization or understanding of a problem, reflecting a significant cognitive leap.
#6
Who proposed the socio-cultural theory of development?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationLev Vygotsky introduced the socio-cultural theory, emphasizing the role of social interactions and cultural context in cognitive development.
#7
What does the 'zone of proximal development' refer to in Vygotsky's theory?
The gap between a child's actual developmental level and their potential developmental level
ExplanationThe zone of proximal development highlights the range where a child can learn with assistance, bridging the gap between current and potential abilities.
#8
Which theory emphasizes the importance of socio-cultural factors in development?
Socio-cultural theory
ExplanationSocio-cultural theory underscores the influence of social and cultural factors on cognitive development, as proposed by Lev Vygotsky.
#9
What does the term 'identity foreclosure' mean in Erikson's theory?
The adoption of an identity without exploration or consideration of alternatives
ExplanationIdentity foreclosure involves committing to an identity prematurely, without exploring different options.
#10
Which theorist is known for his stages of socio-emotional development, including the 'crisis of intimacy vs. isolation'?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErik Erikson proposed stages of socio-emotional development, with the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation characterizing the stage of young adulthood.
#11
Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
ExplanationKohlberg's stages include preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality, representing different levels of moral reasoning.
#12
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what motivates moral behavior in the postconventional stage?
Adhering to internalized moral principles and values
ExplanationIn the postconventional stage, moral behavior is guided by internalized principles and values rather than external rules or societal expectations.
#13
Which of the following is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
It doesn't adequately consider the role of culture in moral reasoning
ExplanationA criticism of Kohlberg's theory is its insufficient consideration of cultural influences on moral reasoning and development.
#14
Which theorist proposed the concept of 'stages of moral reasoning'?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationLawrence Kohlberg introduced the concept of stages of moral reasoning, outlining the progression of moral development.
#15
What is the term for the ability to understand and share the feelings of others?
Empathy
ExplanationEmpathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, contributing to social and emotional development.