#1
Which structure divides the left and right sides of the heart?
Interventricular septum
Interatrial septum
Atrioventricular septum
Aortic septum
#2
Which of the following is not a congenital heart defect?
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Aortic stenosis
Patent ductus arteriosus
#3
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
#4
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium?
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
#5
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
#6
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
#7
Which fetal shunt allows blood to bypass the fetal liver?
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum teres
#8
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a 'boot-shaped' heart on X-ray?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
Coarctation of the aorta
Ebstein's anomaly
#9
Which of the following is not a symptom of congenital heart disease in infants?
Cyanosis
Tachypnea
Bradycardia
Failure to thrive
#10
Which embryonic structure forms the cardiac jelly during heart development?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium
Extracellular matrix
#11
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
#12
Which signaling molecule is crucial for endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation during heart development?
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
#13
What is the primary embryonic structure that gives rise to the cardiovascular system?
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Neural crest cells
#14
Which of the following is a risk factor for congenital heart defects?
Maternal diabetes
High maternal age
Exposure to teratogens
All of the above
#15
Which condition is characterized by a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Patent foramen ovale
Patent ductus arteriosus
Transposition of the great arteries
#16
Which of the following is not a cause of acquired heart defects?
Infections
Exposure to toxins
Genetic predisposition
Autoimmune diseases
#17
Which condition is characterized by the narrowing of the aorta, causing increased blood pressure in the upper body?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Coarctation of the aorta
Transposition of the great arteries
Ebstein's anomaly