#1
1. What is Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) primarily focused on?
Developing new drugs
Evaluating the effectiveness of different medical treatments
Studying the genetics of diseases
Exploring alternative medicine practices
#2
6. What is the primary goal of real-world evidence (RWE) in Comparative Effectiveness Research?
To establish theoretical frameworks
To inform clinical decision-making based on data from routine clinical practice
To conduct laboratory experiments
To test new medical devices
#3
11. What is the role of a control group in a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
To receive the experimental treatment
To provide a baseline for comparison with the treatment group
To ensure blinding of participants
To collect qualitative data
#4
16. What distinguishes pragmatic trials from explanatory trials in research design?
Pragmatic trials focus on theory testing, while explanatory trials focus on real-world outcomes.
Pragmatic trials prioritize real-world applicability, while explanatory trials emphasize internal validity.
Pragmatic trials are conducted in laboratory settings, while explanatory trials are conducted in real-world settings.
Explanatory trials use qualitative methods, while pragmatic trials rely on quantitative analysis.
#5
21. What is the primary aim of a Bayesian approach in comparative effectiveness research?
To emphasize frequentist statistics
To incorporate prior knowledge into statistical analyses
To conduct large-scale randomized trials
To focus exclusively on observational studies
#6
2. Which of the following is a key characteristic of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in research?
Observational nature
Intervention assignment based on chance
Longitudinal design
Qualitative data analysis
#7
3. What is the purpose of a placebo in a clinical trial?
To treat the control group
To mask the identity of the treatment
To induce side effects
To improve participant compliance
#8
7. Which type of study design is characterized by the collection of information from the same subjects over a period of time, often with the goal of examining changes or outcomes?
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Cohort study
Retrospective study
#9
8. What is the Hawthorne effect in research?
A type of bias in sampling
The tendency of study participants to modify their behavior when aware of being observed
A statistical analysis method
A measurement error
#10
12. Which type of bias is related to errors in selecting study participants that may not be representative of the target population?
Confounding bias
Selection bias
Recall bias
Publication bias
#11
13. In research, what does the term 'confounding variable' refer to?
A variable that distorts the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables
A variable that enhances the validity of the study
A variable that is kept constant throughout the study
A variable that is measured qualitatively
#12
4. In research methodology, what does the term 'Blinding' refer to?
Hiding research findings
Concealing the identity of participants or researchers
Selectively reporting positive results
Manipulating data
#13
5. Which statistical analysis is commonly used to measure the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables?
ANOVA
Chi-square test
Pearson correlation coefficient
T-test
#14
9. Which of the following is a potential limitation of observational studies in Comparative Effectiveness Research?
Limited generalizability
High cost
Strict control over variables
Randomized assignment of interventions
#15
10. In CER, what is the significance of the concept of 'effectiveness' compared to 'efficacy'?
They are interchangeable terms
Effectiveness refers to outcomes in real-world settings, while efficacy refers to outcomes in controlled conditions
Efficacy refers to outcomes in real-world settings, while effectiveness refers to outcomes in controlled conditions
They have no relevance in CER
#16
14. What is the purpose of a sensitivity analysis in research?
To assess the impact of outliers on study results
To determine statistical power
To explore the relationship between variables
To validate the study hypothesis
#17
15. In the context of Comparative Effectiveness Research, what is a network meta-analysis?
A study design comparing multiple interventions using direct and indirect evidence
An analysis of social networks within the study population
A statistical technique for analyzing survey data
A qualitative data synthesis method