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Cognitive Psychology and Decision Making Quiz

#1

Which term refers to the mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory information?

Perception
Explanation

Interpreting sensory input to understand the world around us.

#2

Who proposed the dual-process theory of decision making, distinguishing between System 1 and System 2 thinking?

Daniel Kahneman
Explanation

Kahneman proposed the two modes of thinking: intuitive (System 1) and analytical (System 2).

#3

In the context of decision making, what does the term 'anchoring' refer to?

The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered
Explanation

People's tendency to anchor or fixate on initial information when making decisions.

#4

According to Prospect Theory, which of the following statements is true regarding decision making under risk?

People are risk-averse in the domain of gains and risk-seeking in the domain of losses
Explanation

People weigh potential losses more heavily than equivalent gains.

#5

What is the term for the cognitive bias where people overestimate their ability to control events?

Control illusion
Explanation

Overestimating one's control over uncontrollable events.

#6

Which concept in decision making refers to the tendency to continue investing time, money, or effort into a decision despite evidence that it's failing?

Sunk cost fallacy
Explanation

Persisting with a failing decision due to previously invested resources.

#7

Who developed the 'availability heuristic,' which suggests that people assess the frequency of an event by the ease with which instances come to mind?

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
Explanation

Kahneman and Tversky proposed this mental shortcut based on ease of recall.

#8

What term describes the mental shortcut where individuals make decisions based on the information readily available to them rather than complete information?

Availability heuristic
Explanation

Making judgments based on readily available information, rather than complete data.

#9

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to make riskier decisions than they would individually?

Group polarization
Explanation

Groups often make more extreme decisions than individuals due to social influence.

#10

Which theory suggests that individuals tend to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence?

Confirmation bias
Explanation

Preferring information that supports existing beliefs, while dismissing contrary evidence.

#11

Who introduced the concept of 'cognitive dissonance,' which refers to the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes?

Leon Festinger
Explanation

Festinger described the discomfort from holding contradictory beliefs or attitudes.

#12

Which theory suggests that individuals tend to make decisions based on the potential value of losses and gains rather than the final outcome?

Prospect Theory
Explanation

Decision making influenced by the potential for losses and gains.

#13

Who developed the 'conjunction fallacy,' which occurs when people judge the probability of two events happening together to be higher than the probability of either event happening alone?

Amos Tversky
Explanation

Tversky identified this error in probability judgment.

#14

What concept suggests that people often make decisions based on how choices are framed rather than the actual outcomes?

Framing effect
Explanation

Decisions influenced by the presentation of options rather than their intrinsic value.

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