#1
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?
Problem-solving
ExplanationCognitive process involving finding solutions.
#2
What is a mental set?
A predisposition to approach a problem in a particular way
ExplanationTendency to approach problems in a specific manner.
#3
Which of the following is a key element of critical thinking?
Being open-minded
ExplanationCritical thinking involves being open-minded.
#4
Which of the following is NOT a component of the scientific method?
Opinion
ExplanationOpinion is not a component of the scientific method.
#5
What is metacognition?
Thinking about thinking
ExplanationReflecting on one's own thought processes.
#6
Which term refers to the mental shortcut that allows people to make judgments and solve problems efficiently?
Heuristic
ExplanationEfficient decision-making shortcut.
#7
What is confirmation bias?
A tendency to seek out and favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs
ExplanationPreferring information that aligns with preexisting beliefs.
#8
In problem-solving, what is divergent thinking?
A process of generating multiple solutions or ideas
ExplanationGenerating various solutions or ideas.
#9
What is the term for the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationSeeking, interpreting, and recalling information confirming existing beliefs.
#10
In psychology, what does the term 'chunking' refer to?
Grouping information into larger units
ExplanationOrganizing information into larger units.
#11
What is the primary goal of critical thinking?
Evaluating and analyzing information
ExplanationObjective assessment of information.
#12
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of critical thinking?
Relying solely on intuition
ExplanationCritical thinking avoids relying only on intuition.
#13
Which term refers to the mental process of breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts?
Decomposition
ExplanationBreaking down complex problems into manageable parts.
#14
What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning starts with specific premises to reach a general conclusion, while inductive reasoning starts with observations to form a general principle.
ExplanationDeductive: specific to general; Inductive: observations to general.
#15
Which of the following is NOT a stage of problem-solving according to the problem-solving cycle proposed by George A. Kelly?
Recognition
ExplanationRecognition is not a stage in Kelly's problem-solving cycle.
#16
What is the term for the phenomenon where people mistakenly believe that the occurrence of a random event is somehow influenced by preceding events?
Gambler's fallacy
ExplanationMistaken belief in influence of previous events on random occurrences.