#1
Which of the following is a characteristic of well-defined problems?
They have a clear starting point, goal, and solution path.
ExplanationWell-defined problems provide a clear starting point, goal, and solution path.
#2
Which decision-making model suggests that individuals weigh the pros and cons of different options before making a choice?
Rational decision-making model
ExplanationThe rational decision-making model involves weighing pros and cons before making a choice.
#3
In the context of problem-solving, what does the term 'functional fixedness' refer to?
The tendency to rely on familiar strategies and solutions, limiting creativity.
ExplanationFunctional fixedness is relying on familiar strategies, limiting creative problem-solving.
#4
Which of the following is an example of a heuristic?
Guessing the answer based on previous similar experiences.
ExplanationHeuristics involve guessing answers based on past similar experiences.
#5
What is the 'availability heuristic'?
A mental shortcut where people base their judgments on the ease with which examples come to mind.
ExplanationThe availability heuristic involves basing judgments on the ease with which examples come to mind.
#6
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a well-structured problem?
Limited information available to solve the problem.
ExplanationWell-structured problems do not have limited information available for solving.
#7
What is meant by the term 'bounded rationality'?
The idea that decision-makers have limited cognitive resources and can only consider a subset of all available information.
ExplanationBounded rationality is the idea that decision-makers can only consider a subset of all available information due to limited cognitive resources.
#8
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the problem-solving process proposed by the Gestalt psychologists?
Evaluation
ExplanationThe problem-solving process proposed by Gestalt psychologists does not include the stage of evaluation.
#9
What is the 'anchoring effect' in decision-making?
The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.
ExplanationThe anchoring effect is relying heavily on the first encountered information in decision-making.
#10
What does the 'representativeness heuristic' involve?
Estimating the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a typical prototype.
ExplanationThe representativeness heuristic involves estimating event likelihood based on similarity to a typical prototype.
#11
In decision-making, what is the 'confirmation bias'?
The tendency to seek out information that confirms one's existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
ExplanationConfirmation bias is seeking information confirming existing beliefs, ignoring contradictory evidence.
#12
What is the primary difference between the 'garbage can model' of decision-making and other models?
It emphasizes that decisions are made opportunistically when problems, solutions, and decision-makers intersect.
ExplanationThe garbage can model emphasizes opportunistic decision-making when problems, solutions, and decision-makers intersect.
#13
What is the 'framing effect' in decision-making?
The tendency to make decisions based on how information is presented.
ExplanationThe framing effect is making decisions based on the presentation of information.
#14
Which decision-making model suggests that individuals often make decisions by selecting the first option that meets a satisfactory threshold?
Satisficing model
ExplanationThe satisficing model suggests choosing the first option meeting a satisfactory threshold in decision-making.