#1
Which cognitive bias refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered?
Anchoring bias
ExplanationAnchoring bias: Overreliance on initial information.
#2
What is the primary goal of experimental research methodology?
To determine causality
ExplanationExperimental research: Establishing cause and effect relationships.
#3
Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in its natural environment without interference or manipulation?
Naturalistic observation
ExplanationNaturalistic observation: Studying behavior in real-world settings.
#4
Which research method involves the systematic study of naturally occurring relationships among variables?
Correlational research
ExplanationCorrelational research: Examining associations between variables.
#5
What is the term for the tendency to focus on information that confirms existing beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias: Prioritizing data that supports preexisting notions.
#6
In experimental research, what is the term for the variable that is manipulated by the researcher?
Independent variable
ExplanationIndependent variable: The factor controlled by the researcher.
#7
Which cognitive bias involves the tendency to search for, interpret, or prioritize information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias: Seeking information that aligns with existing beliefs.
#8
In research, what is the purpose of random assignment?
To reduce the impact of confounding variables
ExplanationRandom assignment: Minimizing the influence of extraneous factors.
#9
Which cognitive bias involves the tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors and our own behavior to external factors?
Actor-observer bias
ExplanationActor-observer bias: Explaining others' actions differently from our own.
#10
In experimental research, what is the purpose of a control group?
To provide a baseline for comparison
ExplanationControl group: Establishing a standard for comparison.
#11
Which cognitive bias involves the tendency to perceive oneself as better than average?
Illusory superiority
ExplanationIllusory superiority: Believing oneself to be above average.
#12
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals conform to group norms despite disagreeing with them?
Conformity
ExplanationConformity: Adhering to group standards despite personal beliefs.
#13
Which cognitive bias involves the tendency to overestimate one's ability to predict future events?
Overconfidence bias
ExplanationOverconfidence bias: Exaggerating one's predictive skills.