#1
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior conditioning
ExplanationUCS is the natural trigger for a response in classical conditioning.
#2
Who is the psychologist best known for his work in classical conditioning with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationIvan Pavlov is renowned for his work in classical conditioning with dogs.
#3
What is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Food
ExplanationFood is an example of a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning.
#4
Which of the following is a characteristic of classical conditioning?
Learning occurs through the association of stimuli
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves learning through the association of stimuli.
#5
Who is the psychologist known for his work in operant conditioning and the development of the Skinner box?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner is known for operant conditioning and the Skinner box.
#6
What is the term for learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others?
Social learning
ExplanationSocial learning involves learning through observing others' behavior.
#7
Who introduced the concept of operant conditioning and coined the term?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner introduced operant conditioning and coined the term.
#8
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
ExplanationA dog salivating at a bell is an example of classical conditioning.
#9
Which of the following is NOT a component of operant conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationThe unconditioned stimulus is not a component of operant conditioning.
#10
What term refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response.
#11
What is the term for the process of repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to weaken a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction weakens a conditioned response by presenting CS without UCS.
#12
Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
Removing something undesirable to increase a behavior
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing something undesirable to increase a behavior.
#13
What is the term for the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) with the conditioned response (CR)?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization is the tendency to respond to similar stimuli with the conditioned response.
#14
What is the term for the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period.
#15
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is characterized by reinforcement being delivered after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
ExplanationFixed-ratio schedule reinforces after a fixed number of responses.
#16
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
#17
What is the term for a process where behaviors are reinforced closer and closer to the desired behavior?
Shaping
ExplanationShaping is the process of reinforcing behaviors closer to the desired behavior.
#18
Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by reinforcement being delivered after a variable number of responses?
Variable-ratio schedule
ExplanationVariable-ratio schedule reinforces after a variable number of responses.
#19
What is the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response?
Acquisition
ExplanationAcquisition is the process of a neutral stimulus gaining the capacity to elicit a response.
#20
What is the term for the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others?
Discrimination
ExplanationDiscrimination is learning to respond to specific stimuli.
#21
Who proposed the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely to occur, while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely to occur?
Edward Thorndike
ExplanationEdward Thorndike proposed the Law of Effect.
#22
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
Taking away a teenager's phone for breaking curfew
ExplanationTaking away a phone for breaking curfew is an example of negative punishment.
#23
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a delay in CS exposure.
#24
What is the process of shaping in operant conditioning?
Gradually reinforcing behaviors that approximate the desired behavior
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors that approximate the desired behavior.