#1
At what age do most infants begin to crawl?
6-9 months
ExplanationInfants typically start crawling between 6 to 9 months of age.
#2
Which of the following is not a milestone typically achieved by the age of 2?
Tying shoelaces
ExplanationTying shoelaces is not a typical milestone by the age of 2.
#3
What is a primary focus of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Object permanence
ExplanationObject permanence, understanding that objects exist even when not seen, is a key focus in the sensorimotor stage.
#4
Which of the following is a typical milestone in the social development of preschool-aged children?
Parallel play
ExplanationPreschoolers often engage in parallel play, playing alongside but not directly with others.
#5
What is a typical milestone in the language development of a 12-month-old infant?
Saying single words
ExplanationAt 12 months, infants typically start saying single words as a language milestone.
#6
What is the approximate age range for the onset of the 'terrible twos'?
18-24 months
ExplanationThe 'terrible twos' typically begin around 18 to 24 months of age.
#7
Which of the following is a characteristic of the concrete operational stage according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Conservation of volume
ExplanationThe concrete operational stage involves the ability to understand and conserve volume.
#8
What is the approximate age range for the onset of the 'identity crisis' according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Adolescence
ExplanationThe identity crisis typically occurs during adolescence.
#9
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the 'zone of proximal development'?
The gap between what a learner can do alone versus with assistance
ExplanationThe zone of proximal development is the difference between independent and assisted learning.
#10
At what age do most children start to develop a sense of gender identity?
3-4 years
ExplanationChildren typically start developing a sense of gender identity around 3 to 4 years of age.
#11
What is a typical feature of Erikson's stage of 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt'?
Wanting to do things independently
ExplanationChildren in this stage desire to do things independently, establishing a sense of autonomy.
#12
What is a characteristic of Kohlberg's 'postconventional' stage of moral development?
Internalization of moral principles
ExplanationIndividuals in the postconventional stage internalize and follow moral principles based on personal values.
#13
What is a typical feature of Gilligan's theory of moral development?
Focus on gender differences in moral reasoning
ExplanationGilligan's theory emphasizes the role of gender differences in moral reasoning.
#14
What is a typical feature of Kohlberg's 'conventional' stage of moral development?
Balancing self-interest with societal expectations
ExplanationIn the conventional stage, individuals balance self-interest with societal expectations in moral decision-making.
#15
What is a typical feature of Vygotsky's concept of the 'scaffolding' in learning?
Providing temporary support and guidance
ExplanationScaffolding involves providing temporary support and guidance to facilitate a learner's development.