#1
At what age do infants typically begin to crawl?
6-8 months
ExplanationAround 6-8 months, infants start crawling as part of their motor development.
#2
Which of the following is considered a milestone in language development for a 2-year-old?
Using short phrases
ExplanationUsing short phrases is a significant milestone in language development by age 2.
#3
What is the approximate age range for the emergence of pretend play in children?
2-3 years
ExplanationPretend play typically emerges between ages 2 and 3, marking imaginative development.
#4
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a securely attached child according to attachment theory?
Shows resistance or avoidance towards the caregiver
ExplanationSecurely attached children don't exhibit resistance or avoidance towards caregivers.
#5
Which of the following is NOT a type of memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
Working memory
ExplanationWorking memory is a type of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model.
#6
What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
ExplanationObject permanence is realizing objects exist even when not directly observed.
#7
Piaget's stages of cognitive development include all of the following EXCEPT:
Intuitive operational
ExplanationIntuitive operational isn't a stage; Piaget's stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
#8
What is the term for a child's ability to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its fundamental properties?
Conservation
ExplanationConservation is grasping that object properties remain unchanged despite alterations in appearance.
#9
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task of the toddler stage (ages 1-3)?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
ExplanationToddlerhood's main task is navigating autonomy versus shame and doubt, as per Erikson's theory.
#10
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the role of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) in learning?
The range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be achieved with guidance
ExplanationZPD encompasses tasks too hard to do alone but possible with guidance, pivotal in Vygotsky's theory.
#11
What is egocentrism in the context of child development?
The tendency to view the world from one's own perspective only
ExplanationEgocentrism is seeing the world solely from one's own viewpoint, common in children's cognitive development.
#12
What is theory of mind (ToM) in child development?
The understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own
ExplanationTheory of mind is comprehending others' distinct beliefs, desires, and intentions.
#13
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at what stage do individuals adhere to social rules and conventions to gain approval and avoid disapproval?
Conventional
ExplanationAdhering to social norms for approval and avoiding disapproval is characteristic of the conventional stage in Kohlberg's theory.
#14
What is the term for the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other relevant aspects?
Centration
ExplanationCentration is focusing on one aspect while disregarding others, seen in children's cognitive development.
#15
What is the term for the process of acquiring new information and experiences and incorporating them into existing mental schemas?
Assimilation
ExplanationAssimilation involves integrating new information and experiences into existing mental frameworks.