#1
Which of the following is a major component of blood?
Plasma
ExplanationLiquid portion of blood containing water, electrolytes, and proteins
#2
What is the function of hemoglobin in the blood?
To carry oxygen
ExplanationBinds with oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues
#3
What is the normal range for blood pressure in adults?
120/80 mmHg
ExplanationTypical pressure exerted on arteries during heartbeats (systolic) and between beats (diastolic)
#4
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Regular physical activity
ExplanationRegular exercise reduces the risk of heart disease
#5
What is the function of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?
To prevent the backflow of blood into the atria
ExplanationValves between atria and ventricles ensure one-way blood flow
#6
Which of the following is a symptom of a heart attack?
Chest pain or discomfort
ExplanationOften described as pressure, squeezing, or fullness in the chest
#7
Which of the following structures is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
ExplanationInitiates electrical impulses for heartbeats
#8
What is the term for the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole
ExplanationHeart muscle relaxes, allowing chambers to fill with blood
#9
What is the term for the blockage of a coronary artery resulting in reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
Angina pectoris
ExplanationChest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart
#10
Which of the following is a symptom of congestive heart failure?
Peripheral edema
ExplanationSwelling in extremities due to fluid buildup
#11
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen to cells and remove waste products
ExplanationDelivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste from tissues
#12
Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of hypertension?
High sodium intake
ExplanationExcessive salt consumption can increase blood pressure
#13
Which diagnostic technique uses sound waves to produce images of the heart?
Echocardiography
ExplanationNon-invasive imaging method for assessing heart structure and function
#14
What does the term 'cardiac output' refer to?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
ExplanationMeasure of the heart's efficiency in pumping blood
#15
What is the term for the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves?
Endocarditis
ExplanationInfection or inflammation of the heart's inner lining
#16
What is the term for the condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood?
Anemia
ExplanationResults in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
#17
Which of the following is a symptom of a pulmonary embolism?
Chest pain
ExplanationOften sudden and sharp, worsened by deep breathing or coughing