#1
Which of the following is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
#2
What is the term for the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?
Systole
Diastole
Cardiac output
Ejection fraction
#3
Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Vein
Artery
Capillary
Venule
#4
Which of the following is NOT a component of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His
#5
What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?
Transport oxygen to the lungs
Supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
Regulate blood pressure
Remove waste products from the heart
#6
What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart?
Prevent backflow of blood into the atria
Regulate blood flow into the pulmonary arteries
Control blood flow into the ventricles
Direct blood into the coronary veins
#7
Which hormone is released during stress and increases heart rate and blood pressure?
Insulin
Cortisol
Testosterone
Melatonin
#8
What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart related to?
Blood clotting
Heart rate regulation
Preload and stroke volume
Cardiac conduction
#9
What is the term for the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one minute?
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Ejection fraction
Pulse pressure
#10
Which neurotransmitter is released by the vagus nerve to decrease heart rate?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
#11
Which of the following is a function of the pericardium?
Regulation of blood pressure
Protection of the heart
Initiation of electrical impulses
Oxygenation of blood
#12
What is the primary purpose of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) in the heart?
Prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium
Regulate blood flow into the pulmonary artery
Control blood flow into the right atrium
Direct blood into the coronary arteries
#13
What is the term for the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle during each contraction?
End-systolic volume
Stroke volume
End-diastolic volume
Cardiac output
#14
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility?
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Central nervous system
#15
In the context of cardiac physiology, what does the term 'ischemia' refer to?
Increased blood flow to the heart
Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle
Excessive contraction of the heart muscle
Abnormal heart rhythm
#16
What is the term for the amount of blood returned to the heart during ventricular diastole?
Stroke volume
End-systolic volume
Preload
Afterload
#17
Which of the following is a common symptom of myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Increased heart rate
Hypertension
Chest pain or discomfort
Excessive sweating
#18
Which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase in cardiac muscle cells?
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
Chloride (Cl-)
#19
What is the term for the part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) that represents ventricular depolarization?
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
U wave
#20
What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart?
Initiate the heartbeat
Conduct electrical impulses to the ventricles
Filter and delay electrical signals
Generate an action potential
#21
Which factor primarily determines preload in the heart?
Afterload
End-diastolic volume
Contractility
Heart rate
#22
In the context of cardiac physiology, what does the term 'afterload' refer to?
Force opposing ventricular ejection
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle
Pressure in the aorta during diastole
Strength of the heart's contraction
#23
Which electrolyte imbalance can potentially lead to cardiac arrhythmias?
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypocalcemia
Hypernatremia
#24
What is the term for the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction?
End-systolic volume
Stroke volume
End-diastolic volume
Cardiac output
#25
Which component of the cardiac conduction system is responsible for delaying the impulse before it reaches the ventricles?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His