#1
Which psychologist is best known for the classical conditioning experiment involving dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov conducted experiments with dogs, demonstrating classical conditioning.
#2
What is the term for decreasing the frequency of a behavior by removing something desirable?
Negative punishment
ExplanationNegative punishment decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus.
#3
Who introduced the concept of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov pioneered the theory of classical conditioning.
#4
Which term describes the process of learning by watching others and imitating their behaviors?
Social learning theory
ExplanationSocial learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation.
#5
What is the term for the process of gradually exposing someone to a feared object or situation until the fear subsides?
Systematic desensitization
ExplanationSystematic desensitization involves gradual exposure to reduce phobic responses.
#6
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
The stimulus that triggers the response naturally
ExplanationThe unconditioned stimulus elicits a response without prior conditioning.
#7
In operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior
ExplanationNegative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
#8
What is the term for the sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery is the return of a conditioned response after extinction.
#9
Which type of reinforcement schedule reinforces a behavior after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed ratio
ExplanationIn a fixed ratio schedule, reinforcement is provided after a set number of responses.
#10
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationSkinner formulated the principles of operant conditioning.
#11
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Taking away a child's toy for misbehaving
ExplanationPositive punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.
#12
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Taking away chores for completing homework
ExplanationNegative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.
#13
In social learning theory, who proposed the concept of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura introduced the idea of learning through observation and imitation.
#14
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the strength or frequency of a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction involves the diminishing of a conditioned response.
#15
Who introduced the concept of reinforcement schedules?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationSkinner introduced the principles of reinforcement schedules.
#16
Who proposed the concept of higher-order conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov introduced the idea of conditioning involving previously conditioned stimuli.
#17
In social learning theory, what term describes the internal processes that occur when we observe a model and imitate their behavior?
Observational learning
ExplanationObservational learning involves cognitive processes like attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.