#1
Which type of conditioning involves learning through association between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves learning through the association between a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) and a naturally occurring stimulus (unconditioned stimulus).
#2
In operant conditioning, which term describes a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated?
Negative punishment
ExplanationNegative punishment in operant conditioning refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
#3
What is an example of positive punishment?
Scolding a child for misbehaving
ExplanationScolding a child for misbehaving is an example of positive punishment, where an aversive consequence is applied to reduce the likelihood of the behavior.
#4
Which of the following is an example of shaping in operant conditioning?
Giving a treat to a dog for sitting on command
ExplanationGiving a treat to a dog for sitting on command is an example of shaping in operant conditioning, where behavior is reinforced in successive steps toward the desired behavior.
#5
In operant conditioning, what term refers to the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior when it is no longer reinforced?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction in operant conditioning refers to the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior when it is no longer reinforced.
#6
In classical conditioning, what is the term used for the naturally occurring stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning?
Unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationThe unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning is the naturally occurring stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning.
#7
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
ExplanationA dog salivating at the sound of a bell is an example of classical conditioning, where the bell (conditioned stimulus) becomes associated with food (unconditioned stimulus).
#8
What term describes the process of gradually weakening a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction is the process of gradually weakening a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
#9
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving praise to a student for completing homework
ExplanationGiving praise to a student for completing homework is an example of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning.
#10
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
#11
What term describes the process of gradually shaping behavior through successive approximations?
Shaping
ExplanationShaping is the process of gradually shaping behavior through successive approximations, reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
#12
Which term describes the process of responding to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization in classical conditioning refers to the process of responding to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response.
#13
In classical conditioning, what is the term used for the learned response to the conditioned stimulus?
Conditioned response
ExplanationThe conditioned response in classical conditioning is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that was previously neutral.
#14
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A pigeon pecking a button to receive food
ExplanationA pigeon pecking a button to receive food is an example of operant conditioning, where a behavior is strengthened by reinforcement.
#15
What term describes the process of learning to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus?
Discrimination
ExplanationDiscrimination in classical conditioning is the process of learning to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
#16
Which type of conditioning involves learning by observing the consequences of others' actions?
Social learning theory
ExplanationSocial learning theory involves learning by observing the consequences of others' actions, emphasizing the role of modeling and imitation.
#17
Which of the following is an example of punishment?
Taking away a privilege for misbehavior
ExplanationTaking away a privilege for misbehavior is an example of punishment, where the removal of a desirable stimulus decreases the likelihood of the behavior.