#1
Which type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after a variable number of responses?
Variable Ratio
ExplanationVariable Ratio reinforcement schedule rewards after an unpredictable number of responses.
#2
In operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Modifying behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
ExplanationShaping involves rewarding behaviors that progressively approximate the desired behavior.
#3
In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus initially paired with to create a conditioned response?
Unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationThe neutral stimulus is initially paired with the unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.
#4
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process of presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus to weaken the conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction involves presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus to weaken the conditioned response.
#5
In operant conditioning, what is the term for the process of gradually reducing the frequency of a behavior by removing reinforcement?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction in operant conditioning involves reducing behavior frequency by ceasing reinforcement.
#6
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association of stimuli
ExplanationLearning through the association of stimuli, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov.
#7
Which psychologist is famous for the Little Albert experiment in classical conditioning?
John B. Watson
ExplanationJohn B. Watson conducted the Little Albert experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning principles.
#8
What is the primary focus of behaviorism in psychology?
Studying observable behavior
ExplanationBehaviorism emphasizes studying observable behavior rather than internal mental states.
#9
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response?
The response to the unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationThe unconditioned response is the automatic response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus.
#10
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.
#11
In operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing aversive stimuli to strengthen a behavior.
#12
What is the concept of extinction in behavioral analysis?
Decreasing the strength of a response by removing reinforcement
ExplanationExtinction refers to diminishing a response's strength by ceasing reinforcement.
#13
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the intensity of a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction involves the gradual decrease of a conditioned response over time.
#14
Who introduced the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner introduced the concept of operant conditioning, focusing on behavior's consequences.
#15
What is the process of learning by observing others and imitating their behavior called?
Modeling
ExplanationModeling involves learning by observing others and replicating their actions.