#1
Which of the following is NOT a basic need according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Entertainment needs
ExplanationEntertainment needs are not considered basic in Maslow's hierarchy; physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization are.
#2
What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation comes from internal desires, while extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards.
ExplanationIntrinsic motivation arises from internal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external incentives.
#3
Who proposed the concept of the 'Hierarchy of Needs'?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationAbraham Maslow introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, a theory of human motivation.
#4
Which theory of motivation emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment?
Social Learning Theory
ExplanationSocial Learning Theory emphasizes learning through observation and reinforcement.
#5
What is the term used to describe the process of setting specific, challenging goals?
Goal-setting theory
ExplanationGoal-setting theory involves setting specific and challenging goals to enhance motivation and performance.
#6
Who developed the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance?
Leon Festinger
ExplanationLeon Festinger developed the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, exploring the discomfort from conflicting beliefs and behaviors.
#7
What is the term used to describe the desire to excel and outperform others?
Achievement motivation
ExplanationAchievement motivation is the drive to excel, surpass others, or achieve high standards.
#8
Who proposed the Drive Reduction Theory of motivation?
Clark Hull
ExplanationClark Hull proposed the Drive Reduction Theory, emphasizing biological needs leading to behavior.
#9
Which theory suggests that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal?
Optimal Arousal Theory
ExplanationOptimal Arousal Theory posits that people seek an ideal level of arousal for best performance.
#10
What is the term used to describe the discrepancy between one's actual self and ideal self?
Self-discrepancy
ExplanationSelf-discrepancy refers to the gap between how one sees themselves and how they ideally wish to be.
#11
According to the Two-Factor Theory, which factor is associated with dissatisfaction in the workplace?
Hygiene factors
ExplanationHygiene factors, such as working conditions and salary, are associated with dissatisfaction, according to the Two-Factor Theory.
#12
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Social needs
ExplanationSocial needs are part of Maslow's hierarchy; physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization are.
#13
According to the Self-Determination Theory, what type of motivation involves engaging in an activity for its own sake?
Intrinsic motivation
ExplanationIntrinsic motivation involves engaging in activities for inherent satisfaction or interest, rather than for external rewards.
#14
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic emotions proposed by Paul Ekman?
Envy
ExplanationEnvy is not considered one of the basic emotions; happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust are.
#15
According to Self-Determination Theory, which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need?
Control
ExplanationControl is not considered a basic psychological need in Self-Determination Theory; autonomy, competence, and relatedness are.
#16
Which neurochemical is associated with reward and pleasure in the brain's reward system?
Dopamine
ExplanationDopamine plays a key role in the brain's reward system, associated with pleasure and reinforcement.
#17
What is the term used to describe the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias is the tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external factors.
#18
Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the Expectancy Theory?
Feedback
ExplanationFeedback is not a component of Expectancy Theory; expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are.
#19
Who proposed the concept of self-efficacy?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura proposed the concept of self-efficacy, the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.
#20
Which theory suggests that individuals are motivated by the discrepancy between their current state and a desired state?
Goal-Setting Theory
ExplanationGoal-Setting Theory proposes that motivation arises from the gap between current and desired states.