#1
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
ExplanationLearning by connecting stimuli with responses.
#2
Who is known for introducing the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner pioneered the theory of operant conditioning.
#3
What is the process of habituation?
The decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
ExplanationDiminished response to repeated stimulus exposure.
#4
What is the concept of observational learning?
Learning that occurs through observation and imitation of others
ExplanationLearning by watching and replicating others' behaviors.
#5
What is the concept of vicarious reinforcement?
Learning that occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behavior
ExplanationLearning from others' experiences of reinforcement.
#6
What is shaping in the context of behaviorism?
Gradually molding or reinforcing behaviors closer to the desired behavior
ExplanationStep-by-step reinforcement of behaviors to achieve a target behavior.
#7
In the context of behaviorism, what does the term 'extinction' refer to?
The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationGradual loss of a learned behavior due to lack of reinforcement.
#8
What is the concept of spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a conditioned response after it had been extinguished
ExplanationSudden reappearance of a learned response after extinction.
#9
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
ExplanationStimulus causing a response without prior learning.
#10
What is the Law of Effect proposed by Edward Thorndike?
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely to be repeated
ExplanationBehavioral responses influenced by their consequences.
#11
What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus to increase a behavior; negative reinforcement removes a stimulus to increase a behavior
ExplanationPositive reinforcement adds, negative reinforcement removes, both increase behavior.
#12
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors
ExplanationClassical - association, operant - consequence on behavior.
#13
What is the concept of latent learning?
Learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated through observable behavior
ExplanationHidden learning without immediate reinforcement.
#14
What is the concept of insight learning?
Sudden realization of a solution to a problem
ExplanationAha moment when a solution suddenly becomes clear.
#15
What is the concept of cognitive maps?
Mental representations of physical locations
ExplanationMental images representing spatial relationships.