#1
Which psychologist proposed the concept of the 'self-actualization'?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationSelf-actualization is a concept in humanistic psychology emphasizing the realization of one's potential and personal growth.
#2
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, which stage occurs during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescence is characterized by the struggle between forming a stable identity and experiencing confusion about one's role in society.
#3
Which term refers to the belief that one can successfully execute a specific task or behavior to produce desired outcomes?
Self-efficacy
ExplanationSelf-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to successfully execute specific actions to achieve desired outcomes, as proposed by Albert Bandura.
#4
Which term refers to the process of evaluating one's own worth or abilities?
Self-esteem
ExplanationSelf-esteem involves the assessment of one's value, worth, and competence.
#5
Who introduced the concept of 'self-concept' in psychology?
Carl Rogers
ExplanationSelf-concept encompasses beliefs and perceptions about oneself, developed through interactions with others.
#6
What is the term for the process of comparing oneself to others in order to evaluate one's own abilities or opinions?
Social comparison
ExplanationSocial comparison involves assessing oneself by comparing one's attributes or abilities with those of others.
#7
According to the self-discrepancy theory, what are the three domains of the self?
Actual self, Desired self, Ideal self
ExplanationSelf-discrepancy theory suggests that individuals have three self-domains: actual, ideal, and ought selves.
#8
Which term refers to the process of adjusting one's behavior or actions in response to external pressures or expectations?
Self-regulation
ExplanationSelf-regulation involves controlling one's actions, emotions, and thoughts to achieve desired goals or conform to norms.
#9
Which psychological concept refers to the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and one's failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors while attributing failures to external factors to maintain self-esteem.
#10
In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does moral reasoning rely on obeying rules to avoid punishment?
Preconventional morality
ExplanationPreconventional morality is the stage in which moral judgments are based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.
#11
Which psychological theory emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in shaping personality?
Psychoanalytic theory
ExplanationPsychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that unconscious conflicts influence behavior and personality.
#12
Who introduced the concept of 'self-schema' in psychology?
Hazel Markus
ExplanationSelf-schema theory posits that individuals organize self-relevant information into cognitive structures influencing perception and behavior.
#13
According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic psychological needs that drive human behavior?
Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence
ExplanationSelf-determination theory suggests that autonomy, relatedness, and competence are fundamental psychological needs motivating behavior.
#14
Which theory suggests that people compare themselves to others to obtain an accurate assessment of their own abilities and opinions?
Social comparison theory
ExplanationSocial comparison theory posits that individuals evaluate themselves by comparing their abilities and opinions with those of others.
#15
Who proposed the concept of 'possible selves' in psychology?
Hazel Markus
ExplanationPossible selves are representations of the self in the future, influencing motivation and behavior, as proposed by Hazel Markus.
#16
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals avoid situations that threaten their self-concept or engage in behaviors to protect their self-esteem?
Self-handicapping
ExplanationSelf-handicapping involves behaviors aimed at protecting self-esteem, such as avoiding effort or creating excuses for potential failure.
#17
Which psychological theory suggests that individuals strive to maintain a stable, positive self-concept by selectively interpreting and recalling information in a way that confirms their pre-existing beliefs?
Self-enhancement theory
ExplanationSelf-enhancement theory posits that individuals maintain a positive self-concept by focusing on positive attributes and interpreting information in a biased manner.