#1
Which term describes the process of forming a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver during the early years of life?
Attachment
ExplanationAttachment is the emotional connection established between a child and their primary caregiver, crucial for healthy development.
#2
Which of the following is NOT considered a factor that influences self-concept?
Weather conditions
ExplanationUnlike internal factors, weather conditions do not significantly shape an individual's self-concept.
#3
What is the term for the process of comparing oneself to others in order to evaluate one's own abilities, attitudes, or beliefs?
Social comparison
ExplanationSocial comparison involves assessing oneself by comparing one's abilities, attitudes, or beliefs to those of others.
#4
Which term describes the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society?
Socialization
ExplanationSocialization is the process through which individuals acquire and internalize the cultural values, beliefs, and norms of their society.
#5
Which term describes the process of adapting one's behavior to fit in with the norms and expectations of a particular culture?
Acculturation
ExplanationAcculturation is the process of adjusting and adapting one's behavior to align with the cultural norms and expectations of a specific society.
#6
Which psychological concept refers to the collection of beliefs that people have about themselves?
Self-concept
ExplanationSelf-concept encompasses the beliefs and perceptions an individual holds about their own identity and attributes.
#7
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary developmental task during adolescence?
Identity vs. role confusion
ExplanationAdolescents must navigate the conflict between forming a stable identity and experiencing confusion about their roles and place in society.
#8
Which theory of personality emphasizes the importance of unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences?
Psychoanalytic theory
ExplanationPsychoanalytic theory highlights the role of unconscious processes and early life experiences in shaping one's personality.
#9
According to Carl Rogers, what is the term for the unconditional love and acceptance a person receives from others?
Unconditional positive regard
ExplanationUnconditional positive regard is the complete acceptance and love individuals receive from others without judgment or conditions.
#10
Which term refers to the process by which individuals learn about and make sense of themselves?
Self-perception
ExplanationSelf-perception is the process through which individuals gain understanding and make sense of their own identity and characteristics.
#11
What is the term for the phenomenon where people are more likely to attribute positive actions to their own character but attribute negative actions to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias involves the tendency to attribute positive actions to internal factors (personal traits) and negative actions to external factors (situational influences).
#12
In psychology, what does the term 'self-verification' refer to?
The tendency to seek out information that confirms one's self-concept
ExplanationSelf-verification is the inclination to seek information that aligns with and reinforces one's existing self-concept.
#13
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met before a person can reach self-actualization?
Esteem needs
ExplanationEsteem needs, including self-esteem and recognition from others, must be fulfilled before a person can pursue self-actualization according to Maslow's hierarchy.
#14
According to the self-discrepancy theory, what are the three domains that influence self-concept?
Actual self, ideal self, and ought self
ExplanationSelf-concept is influenced by the interaction of three domains: the actual self (how one sees oneself), the ideal self (aspires to be), and the ought self (believes one should be).
#15
Which term refers to the process of reevaluating one's beliefs or values in response to new information or experiences?
Self-reflection
ExplanationSelf-reflection involves critically examining and reconsidering one's beliefs or values in response to new information or experiences.
#16
According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic psychological needs that drive human behavior?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness
ExplanationSelf-determination theory posits that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fundamental psychological needs influencing human behavior and well-being.
#17
According to Carl Rogers, what is the term for the congruence between the real self and the ideal self?
Self-concept
ExplanationThe congruence between the real self (how one sees oneself) and the ideal self (aspires to be) is termed self-concept, according to Carl Rogers.