#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
Salivating at the sound of a bell
ExplanationAssociation of a neutral stimulus (bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) leading to a conditioned response (salivation)
#2
Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with pleasure and reward?
Dopamine
ExplanationNeurotransmitter linked to reward-motivated behavior, pleasure, reinforcement, and addiction
#3
Which of the following best describes the concept of schema in cognitive psychology?
A mental framework for organizing and interpreting information
ExplanationMental structures that help people organize and interpret information
#4
Which psychologist is known for his theory of cognitive development in children, including stages such as sensorimotor and formal operational?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationStudied cognitive development in children, proposed stages of development including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
#5
Which area of the brain is associated with the processing of emotions and the formation of long-term memories?
Amygdala
ExplanationInvolved in processing emotions, especially fear, and in the formation of emotional memories
#6
What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex in the brain?
Decision-making and impulse control
ExplanationRegulation of complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision-making, and moderating social behavior
#7
Which theory suggests that individuals strive to maintain a balance between their beliefs and attitudes?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
ExplanationPeople seek consistency in their attitudes and behaviors, leading to discomfort (dissonance) when they perceive an inconsistency
#8
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict in the adolescence stage?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationStruggle to establish a sense of self and personal identity while exploring various roles
#9
What term is used to describe the phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to exert less effort when working collectively compared to when working individually?
Social loafing
ExplanationTendency for individuals to put forth less effort when working collectively toward a common goal than when working individually
#10
In operant conditioning, what is the term for the process of strengthening a behavior by presenting a rewarding stimulus?
Reinforcement
ExplanationProcess of increasing the likelihood of a desired behavior by providing a positive consequence
#11
Which neurotransmitter is often associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?
Serotonin
ExplanationNeurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and social behavior
#12
What is the term for the mental shortcut that involves making judgments based on information readily available in memory?
Availability heuristic
ExplanationMental shortcut where people make judgments based on the ease with which examples come to mind
#13
In the context of memory, what does the term 'encoding' refer to?
Transformation of sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory
ExplanationProcess of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory
#14
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating basic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Medulla oblongata
ExplanationControls autonomic functions including heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure
#15
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals tend to remember the first items in a list more effectively than the middle or last items?
Primacy effect
ExplanationTendency to recall earlier words in a list due to their greater exposure to memory
#16
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the highest level of need that individuals strive to achieve?
Self-actualization needs
ExplanationStriving for personal growth and fulfillment, realizing one's potential
#17
What term is used to describe the phenomenon where people attribute their successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationTendency to attribute successes to personal characteristics and failures to situational factors