#1
Which of the following is a common symptom of heart failure?
Fatigue and weakness
ExplanationFatigue and weakness are common symptoms due to decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
#2
What is the primary role of B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) in the body?
To regulate fluid volume
ExplanationBNP regulates fluid volume by promoting natriuresis and diuresis, thus reducing blood volume and pressure.
#3
Which chamber of the heart typically pumps blood into the systemic circulation?
Left ventricle
ExplanationThe left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.
#4
In heart failure, which of the following is a compensatory mechanism activated by the body?
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
ExplanationRAAS activation leads to vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention to maintain perfusion pressure and volume.
#5
Which imaging technique is commonly used to assess cardiac structure and function in heart failure?
Ultrasound (echocardiography)
ExplanationEchocardiography provides real-time imaging of the heart's structure, function, and blood flow, aiding in heart failure diagnosis and management.
#6
Which of the following medications is commonly used as a first-line treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
ExplanationACE inhibitors reduce afterload and inhibit adverse remodeling in HFrEF, improving symptoms and outcomes.
#7
What is the normal range of B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) in healthy individuals?
Less than 10 pg/mL
ExplanationBNP levels are typically low in healthy individuals, reflecting normal cardiac function.
#8
Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated heart failure?
Pulmonary edema
ExplanationFluid overload in untreated heart failure can lead to pulmonary edema, causing severe respiratory distress.
#9
What is the primary mechanism by which BNP levels rise in heart failure?
Increased production and release from the kidneys
ExplanationIn heart failure, increased ventricular pressure stimulates the kidneys to produce and release more BNP.
#10
What is the mechanism of action of B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) in heart failure?
Vasodilation and diuresis
ExplanationBNP promotes vasodilation, reducing preload and afterload, and enhances diuresis and natriuresis, reducing blood volume and pressure.