#1
What is the primary aim of twin studies in psychological research?
To investigate the influence of genetics and environment on traits and behaviors
ExplanationTwin studies aim to examine the interplay between genetics and environment in shaping traits and behaviors.
#2
Identical twins share how much of their genetic makeup?
100%
ExplanationIdentical twins share 100% of their genetic makeup due to originating from the same fertilized egg.
#3
Which type of twin study compares similarities between identical and fraternal twins?
Dizygotic study
ExplanationDizygotic studies compare similarities between twins of different zygosity, exploring genetic and environmental influences.
#4
What is the term used to describe the degree to which genetics contributes to individual differences in a trait or behavior?
Heritability
ExplanationHeritability measures the extent to which genetics influences variations in traits or behaviors.
#5
What is the term for the phenomenon where identical twins raised apart show similarities in traits and behaviors?
Separated twin effect
ExplanationThe separated twin effect refers to the phenomenon where identical twins, despite being raised apart, exhibit similarities in traits and behaviors.
#6
What is the term for the proportion of twins in which both members of a pair show a particular trait or behavior?
Concordance rate
ExplanationConcordance rate quantifies the proportion of twins displaying a specific trait or behavior together.
#7
In twin studies, what does the term 'shared environment' refer to?
The environment that both twins experience and make them more similar
ExplanationShared environment in twin studies pertains to the common experiences that contribute to the similarity between twins.
#8
Which of the following statements is true regarding the 'equal environments assumption' in twin studies?
It assumes that the environments experienced by twins are equally influential on their traits and behaviors.
ExplanationThe 'equal environments assumption' posits that the environments of twins contribute equally to their traits and behaviors in twin studies.
#9
Which statistical method is commonly used in twin studies to estimate the heritability of a trait?
Structural equation modeling
ExplanationStructural equation modeling is frequently employed in twin studies to estimate the heritability of traits by analyzing the structural relationships between variables.
#10
What is the main limitation of twin studies in determining the relative contributions of genetics and environment?
They cannot distinguish between genetic and shared environmental influences
ExplanationTwin studies face the limitation of being unable to differentiate between genetic and shared environmental influences on traits and behaviors.
#11
What is the term for the genetic material that is not part of the DNA sequence but can affect gene expression?
Epigenome
ExplanationEpigenome refers to genetic material beyond the DNA sequence that can impact gene expression in twin studies.
#12
What is the term for the phenomenon where the environment influences gene expression without changing the DNA sequence?
Epigenetic modification
ExplanationEpigenetic modification refers to the phenomenon where environmental factors impact gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.